Business: Public Relations and Press Release

The website is http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/about-us.htm. The sender is JPMorgan Chase’s public relations and communications department. Looking at the variety and richness of messages heralding the successes and profitability of the bank, it is obvious that the message is intended for a variety of stakeholders like investors, potential investors, shareholders, customers and potential customers, employees and even its competitors. Analyze the integrated business communication.Integrated business communication is defined as â€Å"†¦the process of planning, executing and evaluating unified messages that create stakeholder relationships and build brand recognition.† (Stuart, Sarow, and Stuart, 2007,p.14) The press release section uses information from public relations, management, organizational changes, marketing and incorporate these into a series of dynamic message that paints a picture of the company as a whole making it possible for stake hol ders to form a comprehensively positive image of the company. For example, if one looks at the press release of April 25th of 2013, one realizes it heralds through its title â€Å"Chase Ranks #1 in Mobile Banking Functionality† a technological milestone that not only places the company ahead of its competitors, but also entices prospective customers who might see this as a plus.In this particular press release,  many stakeholders are targeted at the same time. In another press release dated April 17th 2013 titled â€Å"100.000 Jobs mission Announces 64,628 U. S Veterans hired Through First Quarter2013†, the company uses public relations technique to announce its position as an outstanding responsible corporate citizen through offering employment to a target under-privileged group. This particular release serves also as a public relationship announcement to prospective veterans that employment is done on the spot. This is an image building and publicity stunt that als o targets a wide variety of stakeholders. Assess the media richness of the section.To achieve its communication strategy, the company uses both audio and video presentations, emails, news feeds, downloadable data and links to other pertinent information that may be important sources of enrichment to its readers or stakeholders. Of particular interest is its use of webcasts and live feeds or reproduced information that can be viewed live or at the stakeholders’ convenience by way of archived presentations. Describe how the message is framed.Framing according to Robert Entman is â€Å"selecting, and highlighting some facets of events or issues, and making connections among them so as to promote a particular interpretation, evaluation and /or solution†, (Stuart, Sarow, and Stuart, 2007,p.18). This is exemplified in the very setup of the website and the various breakdown of the message into sections, topics, dates in a coherent and easily accessible way through internet ac cess and other communication tools. For example, the topics are arranged beginning with investor relations, financial information, CIO reports, annual report and proxy, shareholder presentations, corporate responsibility to feedback link in frequently asked questions. A cursory look at the table of contents shows that there is a deliberate attempt at presenting a unified message about the company to its stakeholders that paints a bright light, vision and growth with special attention to the shareholders.Identify opinion leaders.Opinion leaders that are targeted by the communication are shareholders, prospective employees, employees, customers, prospective customers, government regulators, generally known as stakeholders. Make recommendations  for improving word choice.The choice of words while technically appropriate to its audience, may be confusing to the rank and file customer and investor who may not understand the use of technical words. This is seen in the earnings reports, and other communiquà ©s in the website. I would also recommend that concrete words be used to avoid ambiguity. A more simple but concise language devoid of ambiguity, double meaning laden with cramped up facts and data is recommended considering the targeted audience and general public to whom the message is addressed.

Mobile Communication Satellite Systems The WritePass Journal

Mobile Communication Satellite Systems Introduction Mobile Communication Satellite Systems IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction In this era of 21st century one cannot imagine human life without mobile communication. From mobile handsets to computers, smart-phones to laptops, iPads and Cable Television systems everything is part of this mobile communication era. As the countries are progressing, competition among them is increasing all over the world. With the advancement in technology lives of people are getting faster and busier, businesses and industries are expanding globally, therefore, the demand for mobile communication is increasing immensely with every passing day. Scientists, researchers and engineers are always looking for ways to serve the world with this demanding technology in every possible way. During the last 25 years there has been a tremendous growth in the field of satellite communication. The idea of using the Satellite Systems for mobile communication has appealed to many people in the past and it still continue to do so. There has been an extensive research going on in this particular area globally. A lot of progress has been achieved so far but it is a fact that advancement in technology can probably never end. As the demand for communication is increasing, means and resources to carry out this communication are often limited. For instance if communication of information is to take place between the countries that are hundreds of miles apart, across the ocean, the typical wired medium cannot always be used. And also how are we supposed to communicate when we are not connected to the land communication systems by any means? Here satellite systems come into play. With the help of satellite systems we can provide mobile communication services even to very fast moving vehicles, to the aircrafts during flights, to ships and submarines in oceans, and also to remote areas of earth where there is no communication infrastructure. So in this way we are able to provide services to the areas where application of wired cable medium is not always practically possible. Satellites are the object that revolves around the earth in fixed orbits. These satellites are at typically 400 km to 36000 km above the earth surface. Our purpose of communication over long distances is served by these satellites. Another advantage of using the satellite systems for communication is that they can cover a very large geographical area over the earth surface to provide communication means. When we are using a satellite system we are not limited by the problem factors that we encounter on earth such as laying hundreds of miles of expensive cables, space and land to store machinery and equipment to handle this sort of communication, buildings to handle all the infrastructure needed etc. Therefore, Satellite Systems are often given a thought as a better alternative for mobile communication. Before we look into the details of how mobile communication takes place through these satellites, we need to first understand the satellite systems in general as well to have a better understanding of how the whole technology works. Satellites are sent into space from earth. When in space above the earth surface, these satellites are made to revolve around the earth in fixed orbits with the help of gravitational force of the earth. To understand the phenomenon we can take a very simple and well known example from nature and that is of the Moon. Moon is the natural satellite and as it revolves around the earth, it shines over a huge geographical region of the earth. In a similar fashion, man made artificial satellites, though not as big as the moon but still, covers a considerably large section of the earth to provide communication. These artificial telecommunication satellites can be in four different kinds of orbits above the earth surface depending on the purpose they were sent into space. These can either be geo-stationary orbits, elliptical orbits, medium earth orbit or low earth orbits. In geo-stationary orbits, as shown in Figure 1, the satellite remains at a fixed location over the earth surface which means it covers the same geographical region of the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure1: Geo-Stationary Orbit Elliptical orbits are used when satellites are required to cover a certain geographical area of the earth for longer period of time than the other geographical region of the earth. Figure 2 displays in general a satellite in an elliptical orbit. Figure2: Elliptical Orbiting Satellite Medium earth orbit is between 5000 km to 15000 km above the earth surface. While in low earth orbits, satellites revolve around the earth in circular orbit at about 400 km above the earth surface. Figure 3 depicts the low earth orbits (LEO) and medium earth orbits (MEO) of a satellite. Figure3: LEO and MEO orbiting Satellite Three types of services can be offered by a telecommunication satellite. First is FSS (Fixed Satellite Services), which is for long distance telecommunication services provided by different telecommunication networks on earth stations. Second is DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite services), which is used for direct Television signals broadcasting from large earth stations. And third is MSS (Mobile Satellite Services), which is used to provide mobile communication services to different stations on earth. In the year 1976, Mobile Satellite Communication was started by Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), which is a US based company belonging to the field of telecommunications. The communication satellites launched by them were called MARISAT (Maritime Satellites) and later an International Maritime Satellite organization (INMARSAT) was formed which now provides Mobile Satellite Communication Services [1]. Earlier satellite communication used to take place by routing calls and information from public landline to an earth station first, and then forwarding them to the satellite. But now mobile communication can take place directly between a satellite and a station or handset on earth. This entire phenomenon fantastically sounds simple but there can be few problems as well in using satellites for mobile communications. For instance, keeping the satellite in its orbit is not an easy task. The orbital motion does not depend only upon the earth’s gravitational pull. When a satellite is in its orbit, its orbit is also affected by the presence of other bodies such as the Moon and Sun. Moreover, our earth is not a perfect sphere so its own gravitational force on a satellite can vary at different locations and the Moon and Sun have their own gravitational forces as well that affects the path of a satellite. Under all these circumstances, satellites do drift from their original path which needs to be adjusted in order to keep the satellite on track. To transmit and receive signals, these telecommunication satellites have a number of antennas to receive signals from one mobile earth station and transmit it to one or more mobile earth station. There is a Doppler Shift as well in the transmitted signal which occurs because of the movement of the satellite and rotation of the earth about its own axis. Mobile communication satellite systems can provide services to those areas that cannot get services from networks on earth. These systems can be of three possible forms [2]. First is that a direct link to the gateway of satellite station can be given to a mobile earth station to connect to the network. Second is that a mobile earth station can be connected to a translator station through a radio link which is responsible to transmit the data from a mobile earth station to the gateway station through a satellite link. In the third type of mobile communication satellite system again a direct link can be provided to a mobile earth station but a dedicated satellite system would be required for this purpose. Different frequency bands are allocated to the satellites to perform mobile communication. Mostly used frequency bands are L-Band, C-Band, Ka-Band and Ku-Band. L-Band has the uplink frequency of 1.6 GHz and a downlink frequency of 1.5 GHz for commercial mobile satellite services (MSS). The long wavelength of this band allows it penetrate building structures and also get least affected by rain. Therefore, less powerful antenna transmitters are required. C-Band has the uplink frequency of 6 GHz and a downlink frequency of 4 GHz. Ka-Band uplink and downlink frequencies are 30 GHz and 20 GHz respectively for commercial use of mobile satellite mobile services and 44 GHz and 20 GHz of uplink and downlink frequencies for military use. This band has very large spectrum and high bandwidths available. But due to short wavelengths, it is largely affected by rain. Therefore, to increase the signal power very high power transmitters are required. On the other hand, Ku-Band has the medium range of frequencies. The uplink frequency is 14 GHz and downlink frequency is 12 GHz for fixed commercial use. Due to medium wavelengths, its signals can also penetrate many structures and are still able to provide high bandwidths but still they are affected by rain. As the earth terrestrial networks, satellites are also required to serve a number of users simultaneously. So at a time when millions of users are accessing satellite services there is a need to have some sort of mechanism to differentiate and secure each user’s transmission. For this purpose, there are a number of multiple access schemes of which the three most commonly used are TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). In TDMA, there are different time slots. Each mobile earth station transmits its data in chunks in a specific time slot at the same frequency. So the data of each user is differentiated in different time slots. In FDMA, different frequency bands are allocated to different users for both the uplink and downlink channels. However, TDMA is a better because of its lower distortions of inter-modulation. In FDMA, downlink bandwidth is divided among a number of users whereas in TDMA full downlink bandwidth is available to all users during a specific time slot allocated. Also in FDMA, we may have to decrease transponder power by one half to minimize the distortion due to inter-modulation. The third most commonly used multiple access scheme CDMA has no restrictions as in TDMA and FDMA. Each user can transmit its data at any time and can also use the same frequency bandwidth. In CDMA, each mobile earth station’s transmission is separated by a unique code. Signals transmission are separated by using spread spectrum technology that is why CDMA is also called Spread spectrum Multiple Access. Spread spectrum scheme assigns to each mobile station a unique code to generate a pseudorandom sequence to separate signals transmission and to spread the transmission across the whole bandwidth available from the satellite. When the signals transmission arrives at the receiver, it can be extracted by using the same sequence generated initially. The only limitation of the CDMA scheme is that it is very expensive to implement and can support a very limited number of mobile earth stations at a time. As the science has advanced in technology, there are a number of mobile communication satellite systems now. Now we have a look at the different mobile communications satellite systems that exist today. These mobile communication satellite systems are divided into three groups namely: Geo-Stationary Systems, Big Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems and little Low Earth Orbit Systems. In Geo-stationary systems, INMARSAT and MSAT are the two satellite systems that we have. In Big LEO systems we have IRIDIUM, ARIES, ELLIPSO and ODYSSEY satellite systems. For little LEO systems we have LEOSAT, STARNET, ORBCOMM, and VITASAT satellite systems. Of these satellite systems, International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) System is a very well known global mobile satellite telecommunication system. These satellite systems are connected to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) and they provide connectivity and communication services to a mobile earth station all over the world. Which means a user with a satellite mobile handset connected to the INMARSAT satellite system can receive services while roaming in any part of the world without being dependent on local terrestrial public networks. So a satellite connection proves to be really helpful in case something goes wrong with the terrestrial network such as a natural disaster etc. INMARSAT is running its operation on four geo stationary satellites providing global coverage namely: INMARSAT-A, INMARSAT-M, INMARSAT-B and INMARSAT-C. High quality telephone, fax and high speed data services are provided by INMARSAT-A satellite system. In addition to dialling to a telephone or fax number directly, it can also provide image and video transmission services. INMARSAT-M provide services at a much cheaper rate as compared to INMARSAT-A. It has a fully digital and portable terminal to provide high quality cellular voice and data transmission services. Additional functionalities are added in INMARSAT-B satellite system compared to INMARSAT-A at a much lower charges. Along with new services, it provides very high quality voice services and very high data rates with a scope to increase them further in future. INMARSAT-C comes as a low cost communication system with a light weight terminal powered by a battery. It comes with a small personal computer to communicate with the network headquarter whenever needed. The following Figure 4 shows the statistics of the INMARSAT satellite systems all over the world [3]. Figure 4: INMARSAT Satellite System Coverage and Service Providers [3] Iridium Satellite System was proposed and developed by the Motorola Company in collaboration with a few other companies. This satellite has been purchase by the Iridium, Inc Company. In this satellite system, satellites are set into orbits in 6 different polar orbital planes with a total of 72 satellites at about 780 km above the earth surface [4]. Satellites are divided into groups of 11 with equal distance among them.   These are all Low Earth Orbit Satellites. L-Band frequency band is used by mobile earth stations to access satellite link using TDMA or FDMA schemes. Access of the mobile stations need to be synchronized to enable them to transmit and receive in the same time frame slot. Each satellite can handle more than 1000 calls at a time. All the satellites can route traffic to each other as well. This satellite system is designed in such a way that global coverage is achieved and gateway stations, which need to be connected to public switched telephone network on earth, req uired are less in number. Two other LEO satellites systems are ARIES and ELLIPSO which are set into circular orbits above the equator to provide low cost services. Another very well known satellite system is GLOBALSTAR system which provided full global connectivity. This system consists of 48 satellites divided into groups of 6. These satellites are set into orbit in eight different planes at 1414 km above the earth surface and are inclined at 45degrees and 135degrees to the equator. There is no exchange of data among these satellites as in the Iridium System. Therefore, a mobile earth station can only get access to the satellite link when the satellite has a line of sight path to the gateway earth station. Mobile stations can access the satellite using L-Band frequency band. Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) scheme is used to separate transmission of each mobile station. Six spot beams are used to cover the same geographical area on earth as is required by the Iridium satellite system. Satellites in GLOBALSTAR system complete their lifecycle between 5 to 15 years. OrbComm launched its first two satellites in 1995. This satellite system is capable of providing remote monitoring and mobile tracking along with many other commercial services. OrbComm also contains 48 satellites which are in Low Earth Orbits. Access by mobile earth stations to these satellites is made on VHF (very high Frequency) band. The uplink band is 148 MHz to 150 MHz and the downlink band is between 137 MHZ to 138 MHz. Signal and data transmitted from the satellites are not directly forwarded to hand held devices first, rather they are first diverted to the gateway station on earth or public switched telephone network and then they are forwarded to mobile handsets. Satellites in this system have a lifecycle of about four years. Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO) satellite system consists of ten satellites with the help of which it can provide full global coverage. These satellites are divided into groups of five into two orbital planes at about 10,355 km above the earth surface. They orbit the earth the earth in about 6 hours serving a geographical area on earth for 20 minutes. Each satellite in the Intermediate Circular orbit can provide up to 4500 channels for voice data traffic and access to these channels is made secure and reliable by using the Code Division Multiple Accessing (CDMA) scheme. The terminals ICO systems are capable of supporting dual mode which means that they can operate with satellite and as well as public switched telephone networks. In this entire scenario, each type of satellite system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Geo-Stationary satellites can be useful for one form of mobile communication but in some scenarios it may be more feasible to use Low Earth Orbit satellite system. Like with the help of three Geo-Stationary satellites we can provide almost full global coverage. As the satellites remain at the same point above the earth in Geo-Stationary system, the transmitters and receivers can have the fixed antenna positions without the need to keep track of the satellite which at times can become a very tedious task. Because they are located at about 36000 km above the earth, they are less affected by the atmosphere around the earth during its orbit making its life cycle greater than the other satellite systems. On the other hand, there are certain disadvantages of the Geo-Stationary system as well. Besides almost having no coverage at the north and south poles, one of the biggest problems in this sys tem is performing voice and data communication over these satellites. Because they are far away from earth’s surface, there is very high latency or delay in the transmission and reception which makes it unfeasible for voice traffic. And also because of its large distance from earth’s surface, very high power antennas are required for these satellites which consumes a significant battery power. Moreover, sending a satellite into a Geo-stationary orbit from earth is very expensive as compared to other Low Earth Orbit satellites. While with the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems, transmission rates of about 2.4 kbps can carry out voice data communication efficiently. Because these satellites are orbiting the earth at much lower altitude as compared to Geo-Stationary satellites, transmission power required for the antennas is much less which in turn saves the overall battery power consumed. And for the same reason, the delay or latency in the transmission is much less which can compete with the wired cable terrestrial networks on earth. Higher elevation of these satellites to the equator enables are better coverage at the north and south poles. And also because the geographical area covered by one satellite in LEO system is smaller; frequency reuse policy can be best utilized. On the other hand, the very obvious and possibly the one of the biggest problem with this satellite system is the need to have a large number of satellites to provide global coverage. As the satellites in this system do not stay at a fixed position over the earth surface, their serving time geographical is only about 10 to 15 minutes which require very complex antenna mechanism on earth to keep track of the satellites. Another disadvantage of having low earth orbits is the very short lifetime of a satellite. Friction from earth’s surrounding atmosphere can severely effect the lifetime of a satellite in LEO satellite system. If a satellite mobile user is roaming around the world, providing global connectivity to that user also require interconnectivity of these large number of satellites. Mobile Communication Satellite Systems are evolving very quickly in this era to keep pace with the increasing demand of communication globally. The trend is shifting towards the LEO satellite systems from the Geo-Stationary satellite systems because of very less latency delays in LEO systems as far as voice data communication is concerned. However, these satellite systems cannot fully replace the need of terrestrial networks because of these systems are still very expensive for an average user and not all countries of the world are developed enough to cope up with these satellites systems. References: [1]  Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications, Chapter 2, Michael John Ryan,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University of New South Wales [2]   Requirements for a Mobile Communications Satellite System. Volume 1: Executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   summary, Final Report, 15 Dec. 1981 31 Mar. 1983, TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA. [3]   The Use of Mobile Satellite Communications in Disaster Mitigation, Eugene I. Staffa,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction Technical Committee Session C [4]   The Past, Present and Future of Satellite Communications, John V. Evans

How Santas Reindeer Got Their Names

How Santa's Reindeer Got Their Names If you ask the average American to name Santas reindeer, the first name to pop up will probably be  Rudolph  (the Red-Nosed Reindeer). The next two would no doubt be  Donner  and  Blitzen. But is this correct? And where did these names come from? Origin of Reindeer Names The popular Christmas song  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer† was a 1949 hit tune sung and recorded by Gene Autry and based on a character originally created by a marketing team for Montgomery Ward in 1939. The lyrics were written by  Johnny Marks, who borrowed most of the reindeer names from the classic 1823 poem â€Å"A Visit from Saint Nicholas† (more commonly known as â€Å"Twas the Night before Christmas†) by Major Henry Livingston, Jr. (Historically,  Clement Clarke Moore has been credited for the poem, but most scholars now believe Livingston to have been the poet.) The original poem refers to â€Å"eight tiny reindeer† (Rudolph actually makes it nine tiny reindeer) and names them: â€Å"Now Dasher! now, Dancer! now Prancer and Vixen!/On, Comet! on, Cupid! on Dunder and Blixem!† Later Versions Dunder and Blixem? Youve always heard Donner and Blitzen, right? The former were Dutch names written into the poem by Livingston. Only in later versions, modified by Moore in 1844, were the two names changed to German:  Donder  (close to  Donner, thunder) and  Blitzen  (lightning), to better rhyme with Vixen. Finally, for some reason, in the song â€Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer† Marks turned Donder into Donner. Whether Marks made the change because he knew German or because it just sounded better is uncertain.* In any event, there is certainly some logic in using German  Donner  and  Blitzen  (thunder and lightning) for the names. Since 1950 or so, the two reindeer names have been  Donner  and  Blitzen  in both â€Å"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer†Ã‚  and the â€Å"A  Visit  from Saint Nicholas.

What You Need to Know About Registering for the GRE

What You Need to Know About Registering for the GRE Prometric, the company that administers the GRE General Test, works hard to ensure you can take the test at a time thats convenient for you. Unlike the SAT, ACT or MCAT, there are no standardized national testing dates set in stone for the computer-based GRE. The testing times vary from city to city and country to country, so completing your GRE registration is a little more complicated. These GRE registration details are standard, though, so make sure you read and understand what you have to do. GRE Registration Facts First, take a dive into the  GRE fee information  before you get started, so you know exactly how much this bad boy is going to set you back. If youre taking the computer-based GRE, you  can register online, by phone (call 1-800-GRE-CALL) or by mail. If youre taking the  the paper-based GRE, then your options are to register by mail or online. You cant register online if you need a fee reduction, testing accommodations, Monday testing, or standby testing, so check into those if you have special circumstances. If you do complete your registration online,  youll receive immediate confirmation as well as an email confirmation. You can search by country, state, and city to find a testing location nearest to you and you  can also search within a three-month time frame to find a testing appointment time that would work for you and your busy schedule. Unlike the LSAT, there are many options both during the week and on the weekends to take the test so finding a time that works is pretty easy. As the GRE testing appointments are four hours long, you should take that into consideration if youre fitting this in around important dates.   GRE Registration Options You  are allowed to take the GRE a number of times, but there are some rules. You cannot take the GRE more than five times in any 12-month (not calendar year) period. And those administrations must be 21 days apart at the minimum. You may not exceed this number for any reason, even if you have chosen to cancel your GRE score   Acceptable ID for the GRE When you register for the test, youll be asked to provide an acceptable form of identification such as a passport with name, photo, and signature, drivers license with name, photo, and signature or military identification with name photo and signature. (Other forms of ID are acceptable, too, based on your country). Pay attention to the information on your ID when registering. Your registration entry must match your ID card exactly when you show up to test (except for accents), or you will not be allowed to sit for the exam. If you have questions because of your unique name, then check out the information from ETS regarding registering under those circumstances. Complete Your GRE Registration Ready to get started? Before you register, make sure you understand the test youre actually taking. Learn more about the  Revised GRE, along with details for the  GRE Verbal Reasoning Section  and the  GRE Quantitative Reasoning Section. Then, jump to the ETS website and complete your GRE registration today.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example Fashion images projected in the films, magazines, television, and the Internet have created a global style that has spread across different cultures and geographic boundaries. T-shirts, blue jeans, baseball caps, and athletic costumes are traded everywhere from China to Manhattan, and to the African villages. Fashion systems in Asia, Africa, and the West borrow different kinds of textile elements and styles from one another. All these styles are housed under one roof in the large shopping malls in the rich countries. These products gain the attention of customers belonging to all age-groups, ethnicities, genders, cultures, and professions like high-tech global bazaars. This trend of the homogenizing effect across countries and cultures as well as the increased variety of costumes and accessories within the geographic locations reflects a global paradox. Although the shopping malls in different countries across the world have similar stores and the products sold are same, yet every si ngle item has a huge variety. There is a seemingly baffling and infinite variety of cuts and fits in jeans both for men and women, ranging from the billowing baggy style to the stretched tight jeans, and from tapered at the ankle jeans to the bell-bottom jeans. Different styles have been developed to suit the individualistic needs of men and women belonging to different age-groups, and having different heights and physiques. â€Å"While a somewhat baggy, â€Å"relaxed† cut can signify dignified middle-aged femininity, a baggy cut taken to excess can signify hyper-masculine ghetto street smarts. Each variation takes its turn as an ephemeral and arbitrary signifier of shifting identities based on age, gender, ethnicity, or subculture† (â€Å"Globalization†). These days, the Fashion week in different cities around the world including Oslo, Berlin, Lahore, and Kiev are the same. The Fashion week was first organized in 1943 in the New York City. In those days, it was not possible for the Americans to visit Paris to know the latest trends in fashion. The objective of the organizers of the event was to attract the American designers. Fashion weeks are events in which both national and international designers get an opportunity to display their works which not only helps them gain the media attention but also earns them millions of tourist dollars in revenue. Proliferation of the fashion weeks all over the world is a potential sign of globalization of the fashion industry. These days, the most impressive fashion weeks are annually organized in London, Paris, New York, and Milan. The fashion industry grew by leaps and bounds as the fashion weeks were started to be organized in the Islamic countries. In the year 2006, the first fashion week was organized in Tehran. This fashion week featured modestly dressed women. The models wore hijabs, abayas, gowns, and other Islamic outfits in bright colors and prints. In the same year, fashion week was arrange d in New Delhi which featured 60 designers. Out of the 160 buyers who were attracted by the event, over 70 were international. The event earned the organizers profit worth $50 million. Globalization of the fashion industry reached its apogee with the use of the Internet. Internet not only spread awareness about the latest fashion trends, but also enabled the consumers to shop the latest

Understanding, Explaining, and Eliminating Sexual Harassment by James Essay

Understanding, Explaining, and Eliminating Sexual Harassment by James P. Sterba - Essay Example Sexual harassment can occur between two people of the same gender. Various people have tried explaining sexual harassment. Most people believe that sexual harassment is caused by a wide variety of factors. Cultural factors, social factors and personal psychological factors are believed to be the main causes of sexual harassment. Some cultures believe that women should always be submissive to men. As a result men hailing from such cultures tend to believe that they can have their way with women. Such men will go forcefully touching and grabbing women, which constitutes to sexual harassment. Indecent behavior is also one of the main causes of sexual harassment. Some men and women are guilty of dressing inappropriately in the workplace. This tempts the members of both the opposite sex and same sex. This can lead to the sexual advancement and sexual coercion. Lack of moral values may also cause sexual harassment. Some people are brought up in society where acts of sexual harassment are not condemned. Such people will have a problem in the future adapting to what is considered morally right by the larger society (Boland 78). There are people who also tend to believe that one gender is superior to the other. Such people discriminate against members of the other gender. They end up verbally abusing or forcefully touching the members of the other gender. Research has shown that women are more vulnerable to sexual harassment at the workplace due to the fact that they often lack power. They are afraid of losing their jobs and will not report the incidents of sexual harassment. Most men also use their powerful roles in the organizations to solicit for sexual favors from women for in exchange for work related benefits. Economic and social changes in the recent past have resulted in women taking up powerful positions in many organizations. Some men feel intimidated by this fact and resort to harassing such women in their workplaces. Many

The Difference Between An Egalitarian And A Non-Egalitarian Principle Essay

The Difference Between An Egalitarian And A Non-Egalitarian Principle Of Distribution. Which One Is Preferable - Essay Example In this philosophy, people ought to get the same, be treated equally, treat our friend as equal, and all people should enjoy equal social status. The egalitarianism principles rest on the background that all mankind are equal in fundamental worth and moral status. Although these principles are widely accepted, there exist variant views especially in Western European and Anglo American philosophical traditions. Egalitarians believe that equality and justice are closely well connected. Firstly, they think unfair life prospects should be equalized. Secondly, equality is the most important constitutive and intrinsic worth of justice. Thirdly, welfare has to be increased. Fourthly and fifthly that justice is comparative, and inequalities are just when advantages are destroyed in the name of justice respectively. One of the most important views of the existence of egalitarianism is the Christian doctrine that God loves all mankind equally despite their social economic status (Raz 254-257). The existence of egalitarianism is prudent for there are different types of equality. For example, treatment of people equally in the society. Great example is the modern democratic societies where everyone has equal chances to hold any position and be treated equally like any other person. An egalitarian denies Cross-Temporal Additivity because inequality is not additive over time. Inequality partly determines value and hence value is not additive over time. In economics, egalitarianism would mean equality to opportunity such that the government ought not to discriminate against citizens or even hinder prosperity opportunities to them. The government has to advocate for equal prosperity for all citizens. Milton Friedman a free-market economist supports equality-of-opportunity economic egalitarianism. The principles of non egalitarianism hold that equality is not bad or good at the same time, and there are several forms of egalitarianism depending on one’s interpretation of equality and values. The non egalitarian principle suggests that, value of two events is equal given that they occupy no overlapping times interval. This claim portrays people’s view of justice. The treatment of people justly depends on how other people are treated. Therefore, it is unfair to distribute resources if people are denied their share despite the amount to be given. What is important is the allocation ratio to each person and the kind of feeling that arise thereafter. Non-Egalitarianism uses three general moral principles namely: Intrapersonal Non-Egalitarianism, Strong Supervenience of Utility-Value and Cross Temporal Additivity of Utility Value. The Intrapersonal Non-Egalitarianism principle supports that the equality in the distribution of utility is evaluative neutral in an individual’s life. The Strong Supervenience of Utility-Value principle states that the two events have the same utility value if they are intrinsically identical in terms of non-evalu ative properties. Lastly the Cross-Temporal Additivity of Utility Value principle states that utility-value of fusion of for instance event A and B is equal to utility value of A plus utility value of B. This holds as long as the two events occupy non-overlapping time intervals. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles This principle varies greatly in various dimensions relevance to distributive justice (wealth, income, jobs utility among others). The variation between the egalitarian and non-egalitarian principle occurs in the nature of the recipient and the basis of distribution. It covers the distribution and economic burden among individuals in society. This principle forms the principles of Anglo